Additives, petroleum

Surface active agents Waxes and polishes Textile specialties Lubricants Toiletries Cement additive Petroleum demulsifier Synthetic resin... 

The 1984 amendments also brought the owners and operators of underground storage tanks into the RCRA fold. This can have a significant effect on refineries that store product in underground tanks. In addition, petroleum products are also regulated by the RCRA Subtitle I. 

A solution of LDA is prepared by the addition of 12 mmol of 1.6 M butyllithium in hexane to a stirred solution of 1.5 g (15 mmol) of diisopropylaminc in 15 mL of THF at 0°C, then cooled to —78 °C. A solution of 10 mmol of the benzyloxy boronic ester and 10-17 g (60-100 mmol) of dibromomethane is stirred at — 78 °C during dropwise addition of the LDA solution via a cannula. The solvent is distilled at <0.75 Torr <0 °C. The solid residue of borate complex is cooled to — 78 CC and treated with a 0.5-0.7 M solution of anhyd zinc chloride (Section 1.1.2.1.1.1.) [(1 On + 8) mmol, where n is the number of benzyloxy groups in the boronic ester] in THF. The mixture is stirred for 16-20 h at 20-25 °C. An equal volume of petroleum ether (bp 30-60 °C) is added, followed by 100 mL of sat. aq NH4C1. The aqueous phase is further extracted with 4 1 petroleum cthcr/diethyl ether, and the combined organic phase is filtered through a 5-cm column of MgS04 with the aid of additional petroleum ether/diethyl ether. After concentration, the residue of labile a-bromo boronic ester should be used promptly in the next step. 

EPA) to aid in registering chemicals under the federal Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976. CAS numbers are assigned to generic refinery process streams, such as kerosene and lube base stocks, that contain no additives. Petroleum products containing additives are termed "mixtures" by the TSCA and, as such, do not have CAS numbers. All chemical substances used in such mixtures are assigned CAS numbers and must be listed with the EPA by the refiner or the additive supplier. 

Additional Petroleum Refining Wastes (Proposed) Yes 60 FR 57747 EPA 1995k... 

Coke is employed for a number of purposes, but the major use is in the manufacture of carbon electrodes for aluminum refining that requires a high-purity carbon— low in ash and sulfur free. In addition, petroleum coke is employed in the manufacture of carbon brushes, silicon carbide abrasives, and structural carbon (pipes, Rashig rings, and so on), as well as calcium carbide manufacture from which acetylene is produced. 

The molecular distribution and compound-specific carbon-isotopic composition of hydrocarbons can be used to qualify and quantify their sources and pathways in the environment. Molecular source apportionment borrows from molecular methods that were developed and applied extensively for fundamental oil biomarker studies, oil-oil and oil source rock correlation analysis. Additionally, petroleum refinement produces well-defined mass and volatility ranges that are used as indicators of specific petroleum product sources in the environment. Compound-specific carbon-isotopic measurement is a more recent addition to the arsenal of methods for hydrocarbon source apportionment. Carbon isotopic discrimination of i-alkanes, biomarkers, and PAHs has shown that the technique is highly complementary to molecular apportionment methods. 

In addition, petroleum refining wastes are subject to evaluation as characteristically hazardous waste, including the toxicity characteristic (40 CFR 261, Subpart C) which labels wastes "RCRA hazardous" if a measured constituent concentration exceeds a designated maximum (e.g., a benzene concentration of 0.5 mg/L). 

Petroleum Refining Waste. The extent of mismanagement or accidental releases of petroleum refining wastes can be illustrated with the 1995 proposed RCRA listing determination for 16 additional petroleum refining waste categories (of which 3 waste categories were determined to be RCRA hazardous and proposed to be listed in 40 CFR 261). A search of state and federal enforcement records, documented CERCLA-related activities at 10 sites and RCRA-related activities at 29 sites. 

In all of these attempts at a definition or classification of petroleum, it must be remembered that petroleum exhibits wide variations in composition and properties, and these variations not only occur in petroleum from different fields but may also be manifested in petroleum taken from different production depths in the same well. The mixture of hydrocarbons is highly complex. Paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic structures can occur in the same molecule, and the complexity increases with boiling range of the petroleum fraction. In addition, petroleum varies in physical appearance from a light-colored liquid to the more viscous heavy oil. The near-solid or solid bitumen that occurs in tar sand deposits is different from petroleum and heavy oil, as evidenced by the respective methods of recovery (Speight, 1999,2000). 

The IR spectra of the most common machinery lubricants are shown in Fig. 16.7. As can be seen, petroleum, polyol ester and phosphate ester fluids have different spectra. In addition, petroleum oils are broken down into detergent (crankcase) and non-detergent (bearing and gear) oils, which exhibit different responses to IR analysis. Thus, modern IR oil analysers and sensors will use multiple analysis methods to cover all required oil measurements for the lubricant types encountered. 

The chemical action of petroleum products on organisms depends on their chemical composition, which is in turn dependent on the type of petroleum, on the method of its treatment, on the distillation fraction and also on any additives. Petroleum itself contains about 100 different chemical compounds. They are characterized by different solubilities — benzene derivatives are water-soluble up to a concentration of approximately 100 mg 1, naphthalenes up to about 30 mg 1 and hydrocarbons with a higher formula mass are water-insoluble. The solubility increases the hazardous character of toxic substances. In general, petroleum products are only slowly degraded biologically and it is highly probable that the most toxic substances are decomposed most slowly and the products of their degradation can be even more harmful than the initial substances [4]. 

As regards the effectiveness of repeating the steaming cycles, we can conclude that, at relatively high temperatures of 12S-200°C, the bulk of the oil displaced by this treatment is already produced during the first two or three cycles. Of the total volume of oil displaced, 90-96% is displaced during the first three cycles of steam injection. These results mean that, barring inflow of additional petroleum from outside of the steam-treated zone, all of the recoverable oil initially in place within that zone should be produced after two or three cycles. 

The manner in which well completion is carried out has a marked effect on the success of sand coking in the bottomhole zone of production wells and, therefore, on the recovery of additional petroleum during the subsequent in situ combustion drive. As a side effect of the cementing treatment, high viscosity oxidation products form in the bottomhole zone of producing wells. Because well output may suffer as a result, these products must be removed during well completion. This task can be accomplished in one of the following ways ... 

Field practice shows that in order to sustain in situ combustion, one must inject into the bed at least, 400,000-440,000 m of air per day under pressures ranging from 75 to 250 kg/cm, depending on specific parameters of the petroleum reservoir. In this process, the air consumption per one ton of additional petroleum produced from the reservoir can range anywhere fiom 850 to... 

In every case in which the injection wells were successfully placed in operation and their calculated nominal air intake capacities attained, additional petroleum has been produced from the reservoir and the recovery factor of oil-in-place increased. Judged by the technical indicators, most experimental work carried out under field conditions, both in Russia and abroad, has been successful. 

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