Petroleum refining wastes

Waste used in a manner constituting disposal. Use constituting disposal is the direct placement of wastes or products containing wastes (e.g., asphalt with petroleum-refining wastes as an ingredient) on the land. 

Additional Petroleum Refining Wastes (Proposed) Yes 60 FR 57747 EPA 1995k... 

Wastes Generated from Petroleum Refining. Petroleum refining wastes are regulated by EPA in several ways. There are approximately 150 active petroleum refineries in the United States. RCRA Subtitle C currently lists four characteristics as hazardous in 40 CFR 264.21 and. 24 and five waste categories as hazardous in 40 CFR 261.31 and. 32. When most of these wastes were listed beginning in 1980, there were 250-300 active refineries ranging in capacity from about 400,000 barrels (bbl) per day to only a few hundred bbl per day. 

In addition, petroleum refining wastes are subject to evaluation as characteristically hazardous waste, including the toxicity characteristic (40 CFR 261, Subpart C) which labels wastes "RCRA hazardous" if a measured constituent concentration exceeds a designated maximum (e.g., a benzene concentration of 0.5 mg/L). 

Accidental Releases of Crude Oil, Petroleum Refining Wastes, Used Oil, and Petroleum Refining Products... 

Petroleum Refining Waste. The extent of mismanagement or accidental releases of petroleum refining wastes can be illustrated with the 1995 proposed RCRA listing determination for 16 additional petroleum refining waste categories (of which 3 waste categories were determined to be RCRA hazardous and proposed to be listed in 40 CFR 261). A search of state and federal enforcement records, documented CERCLA-related activities at 10 sites and RCRA-related activities at 29 sites. 

Hazardous Wastes from Specific Sources Petroleum Refining Wastes... 

Deerhake, ME, et al. n.d. Human and ecological risk assessment for the petroleum refining waste listing determinations background document. Prepared for the Office of Solid Waste, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, by Research Triangle Institute under Contract No. 68-W-4-0042. 

EPA. 1981b. Identification and listing of hazardous waste. Subpart D Lists of hazardous wastes hazardous wastes from specific sources Petroleum refining wastes (K048 - K052). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 261.32. 

Skinner list Created by John Skinner of the EPA Office of Solid Waste a list of those compounds most often found in petroleum refining wastes. 

Sulfur Polymer Cement. SPC has been proven effective in reducing leach rates of reactive heavy metals to the extent that some wastes can be managed solely as low level waste (LLW). When SPC is combined with mercury and lead oxides (both toxic metals), it interacts chemically to form mercury sulfide, HgS, and lead sulfide, PbS, both of which are insoluble in water. A dried sulfur residue from petroleum refining that contained 600-ppm vanadium (a carcinogen) was chemically modified using dicyclopentadiene and oligomer of cyclopentadiene and used to make SC (58). This material was examined by the California Department of Health Services (Cal EPA) and the leachable level of vanadium had been reduced to 8.3 ppm, well below the soluble threshold limit concentration of 24 ppm (59). 

Dissolved Air Flotation. Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is used to separate suspended soflds and oil and grease from aqueous streams and to concentrate or thicken sludges. Air bubbles carry or float these materials to the surface where they can be removed. The air bubbles are formed by pressurizing either the influent wastewater or a portion of the effluent in the presence of air. When the pressurized stream enters the flotation tank which is at atmospheric pressure, the dissolved air comes out of solution as tiny, microscopic bubbles. Dissolved air flotation is used in many wastewater treatment systems, but in the United States it is perhaps best known with respect to hazardous waste because it is associated with the Hsted waste, K048, DAF flotation soflds from petroleum refining wastewaters. Of course, the process itself is not what is hazardous, but the materials it helps to remove from refining wastewaters. 

The largest consumers of water in the United States are thermal power plants (eg, steam and nuclear power plants) and the iron and steel, pulp and paper, petroleum refining, and food-processing industries. They consume >60% of the total industrial water requirements (see also Power generation Wastes, industrial). 

Wastes from petroleum refining, natural gas purification and pyrolitic treatment of coal Wastes from inorganic chemical processes Wastes from organic chemical processes... 

Sources Assessment of Atmospheric Emissions from Petroleum Refining, Radian Corp., 1980 Petroleum Refining Hazardous Waste Generation, U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste, 1994. 

The plastic samples used in this study were palletized to a form of 2.8 3.2min in diameter. The molecular weights of LDPE and HDPE were 196,000 and 416,000, respectively. The waste catalysts used as a fine powder form. The ZSM-5 was used a petroleum refinement process and the RFCC was used in a naphtha cracking process. The BET surface area of ZSM-5 was 239.6 m /g, whose micropore and mesopore areas were 226.2 m /g and 13.4 m /g, respectively. For the RFCC, the BET surface area was 124.5 m /g, and micropore and mesopore areas were 85.6 m /g and 38.89 m /g, respectively. The experimental conditions applied are as follows the amount of reactant and catalyst are 125 g and 1.25-6.25 g, respectively. The flow rate of nitrogen stream is 40 cc/min, and the reaction temperature and heating rate are 300-500 C and 5 C/ min, respectively. Gas products were vented after cooling by condenser to -5 °C. Liquid products were collected in a reservoir over a period of... 

Waste-derived fuels from refining processes Fuels produced by refining oil-bearing hazardous wastes with normal process streams at petroleum refining facilities are exempt if such wastes resulted from normal petroleum refining, production, and transportation practices. For these wastes to be considered as refined, they must be inserted into a part of the process designed to remove contaminants. This would typically mean insertion prior to distillation. 

Petrochemical recovered oil. Organic chemical manufacturing facilities sometimes recover oil from their organic chemical industry operations. U.S. EPA excluded petrochemical recovered oil from the definition of solid waste when the facility inserts the material into the petroleum-refining process of an associated or adjacent petroleum refinery. Only petrochemical recovered oil that is hazardous because it exhibits the characteristic of ignitability or exhibits the toxicity characteristic for benzene (or both) is eligible for the exclusion. 

Spent caustic solutions from petroleum refining. Petrochemical refineries use caustics to remove acidic compounds such as mercaptans from liquid petroleum streams to reduce produced odor and corrosivity as well as to meet product sulfur specifications. Spent liquid treating caustics from petroleum refineries are excluded from the definition of solid waste if they are used as a feedstock in the manufacture of napthenic and cresylic acid products. U.S. EPA believes that spent caustic, when used in this manner, is a valuable commercial feedstock in the production of these particular products, and is therefore eligible for exclusion. 

The sources, amounts, and composition of injected hazardous wastes are a matter of record, because the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)5,14 requires hazardous waste to be manifested (i.e., a record noting the generator of the waste, its composition or characteristics, and its volume must follow the waste load from its source to its ultimate disposal site). The sources and amounts of injected hazardous waste can be determined, therefore, based on these records. Table 20.2 shows the estimated volume of deep-well-injected wastes by industrial category.3 More than 11 billion gallons of hazardous waste were injected in 1983. Organic chemicals (51%) and petroleum-refining and petrochemical products (25%) accounted for three-quarters of the volume of injected wastes that... 

Wang, L.K. and Wang, M.H.S., Control of Hazardous Wastes in Petroleum Refining Industry, Technical Paper (No. LIR/1080/2) presented at the 6th Annual Convention of the CAAPS, New York City, NY, October 1980. 

First, points of release of benzene were identified petroleum refining and coke oven operations (production and extraction releases), use as a chemical intermediate (transportation, storage, use, and waste releases), use in gasoline (use-related release), and use in finished products (use-related release). Benzene also can be a contaminant of most of the derivatives made from it and its use as a solvent was substantial before health concerns arose. The complexity of the chemical systems dependent on benzene is shown in Figure 6. A list of potential releasing products appears in Table II. 

Other industrial activities involving bulk chemicals, such as storage/distribution, waste processing, and petroleum refining. 

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