Value adding

As a whole, a given crude is generally used to make products most of which have positive added values. This is particularly the case for motor fuels and specialty products. However, some of the products could have negative added values, as in the case of unavoidable products like heavy fuels and certain petroleum cokes. 

First of all, one should note that refining a low cost raw material into low or medium added value products requires extremely delicate optimization. It is out of the question to give them much more than the specifications require thus highlighting the importance of being able to predict the various product yields and qualities that a given crude oil can supply. A profound understanding of crude oils appears therefore indispensable. That is the role of crude oil analysis, an operation traced in part to refining, with the... 

Formaldehyde reacts with syn gas (CO,H2) to produce added value products. Ethylene glycol (EG) may be produced in a two-stage process or the intermediate, glycolaldehyde, isolated from the first stage (65) ... 

Quahty criteria for ad grades sound, fair and marketable quahty, dry, inhomogeneous granulated crystals, or free-flowing. Ad values are maximum except for sucrose content, which are minimum. 

Dipped Goods. Gloves with and without cloth support are a typical example. Unsupported appUcations involve specialty medical gloves and weather balloons. Eor CR to compete with less expensive natural mbber, it must provide added value. Natural mbber medical examination gloves contain proteins that can cause an allergic reaction in both patients and medical personnel. Polychloroprene gloves avoid the problem for those individuals, but are too expensive for general use. Natural mbber weather balloons have less lift than CR balloons and are rapidly attacked by ozone in the upper atmosphere. 

N-protonation the absolute magnitude of the Ad values is larger than for Af-methylation <770MR(9)53>. Nuclear relaxation rates of and have been measured as a function of temperature for neat liquid pyridazine, and nuclear Overhauser enhancement has been used to separate the dipolar and spin rotational contributions to relaxation. Dipolar relaxation rates have been combined with quadrupole relaxation rates to determine rotational correlation times for motion about each principal molecular axis (78MI21200). NMR analysis has been used to determine the structure of phenyllithium-pyridazine adducts and of the corresponding dihydropyridazines obtained by hydrolysis of the adducts <78RTC116>. 

Processes in this context means those series of related activities that turn inputs into outputs of added value. They include design, procurement, manufacture, packing, delivery, installation, maintenance, operations, disposal as well as the processes which serve these primary processes such as calibration, training, inspection, test, document control, etc. 

A sequence of tasks which combine the use of people, machines, methods, tools, environment, instrumentation, and materials to convert given inputs into outputs of added value. 

This chapter provided several cost recommendations that, once implemented, would provide cost-effective added value to the operation of the FCC. Examples of such items include tips on debottlenecking the air blower, wet gas compressor, and catalyst circulation. This chapter also discussed the latest technologies regarding the riser termination devices, as well as feed injection systems. Prior to implementing any new technologies, it is critical that the objectives and the limitations of the unit are clearly defined to ensure the expected benefits of the new technology are realized. 

So far the economic feasibility of co-enzyme dependent biocatalyses is confined to relatively small market niches comprising products with high added value. 

Bacteria, yeast and algae are produced in massive quantities of protein sources as food for animals and humans.1 SCP is considered a major source of feed for animals. The production of valuable biological products from industrial and agricultural wastes is considered through the bioconversion of solid wastes to added-value fermented product, which is easily marketable as animal feedstock. The waste streams that otherwise would cause pollution and threaten the environment can be considered raw material for CSP production using suitable strains of microorganisms. 

Moore, S., Innovative Reactive Extrusion Technologies bring Added Value to Recycled Plastics, MP, Jan. 2000. 

There is no substitute for proper training and experience in the application of BW programs. Both operators and service company field personnel must be able to demonstrate competence so that the potential for added value is realized. 

It is also true that the use of multiblend formulations helps to raise operator confidence levels, and, provided the technical support function justifies this confidence by a proactive and responsive approach, there is further added value in the blend. 

Traditionally, customers employ water treatment service companies simply as external contractors to assist in the maintenance of clean and efficient waterside surfaces in their various heating, steam generating, cooling, and certain industrial process systems. The customers benefit from genuine improvements in operating efficiency, reductions in maintenance time, and replacement component costs. In addition, where industrial processes are involved they often profit from an added-value, due to an improved product quality or reduction in manufacturing cost. 

Flelp individuals to recognize the added value of cultural diversity. 

Fermentation of Sweet Sorghum into Added Value Biopolymer of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)... 

The permit allows Stahlwerke Bremen to use 500 tonne MPW per day with a chlorine content of up to 1.5% (= ca. 3% PVC) on a daily average. This level seems to be a balance between the need to allow for a reasonable PVC tolerance in MPW (lower values are rare in MPW), and the desire of Bremen Stahlwerke to use a material that is as free of impurities as possible. After all, chlorine has no added value in the process, and may only contribute to problems like corrosion in the blast furnace, etc. In sum, the 1.5% level seems to be a balance between commercial reality and a technical ideal. 

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