High Value Added Applications

With the wide variety of applications of PHA, medical applications of PHA seem to be the most economically practical area. It Is vital to exploit and develop the application of PH As in the medical field. Most of the PHAs available in sufficient quantities, including PHB, PHBV, PHBHHx, P4HB, P3HB4HB, and PHO, have been studied for bio-implant applications. All of them showed good biocompatibility and some bio degradability. Of these, P4HB has been approved by the FDA for suture application with the trade name TephaFLEX marketed by Tepha Inc., of Cambridge, Mass., USA. Future efforts have been directed to develop more medical applications for PHA, mostly, three-dimensional scaffolds for implant purposes. 

---

How does one identify a promising non-synthetic application for ionic liquid technology VJe basically expect that, in all non-synthetic, high value-adding applications, in which the application of an ionic liquid achieves some unique and superior performance of a technical device, ionic liquid technology may have a very good chance of quick and successful introduction. 

The second group of recently developed ionic liquids is often referred to as task specific ionic liquids in the literature [15]. These ionic liquids are designed and optimised for the best performance in high-value-added applications. Functionalised [16], fluorinated [17], deuterated [18] and chiral ionic liquids [19] are expected to play a future role as special solvents for sophisticated synthetic applications, analytical tools (stationary or mobile phases for chromatography, matrixes for MS etc.), sensors and special electrolytes. 

The cost of a material is a major factor in any decision to move ahead with commercialization. Any added reagent or extra process step that is required in any of these processes will inevitably add to the cost of the material. In the case of the SFRP process, the cost of the nitroxides is variable from relatively inexpensive (12-15 /kg) for hydroxyTEMPO to very expensive (hundreds of dollars per kilogram) for custom-synthesized nitroxides. The use of an expensive nitroxide does not preclude the use of SFRP, but restricts it to high-value-added applications. Also, the amount of nitroxide that will be used will vary according to the molecular weight of the polymer that is desired. 

PHA blending with low-cost materials High-value-added applications PHA as bioimplant materials... 

I 3 Microbial Synthesis of Biodegradable Polyesters Processes, Products, Applications 3.8.63 High Value Added Applications... 

Applications and uses electrical, industrial, general purpose, high-value-added applications in labels, laminates, circuitry, and release. 

Recently, conversion of biomass to chemicals and materials has been a research hotspot. New and great progress on efficient separation and high value added application of the three main biomass components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) have been made. 

Beginning in 2010, large amounts of PHA will be made available to the polymer processing companies, which will be able to develop more PHA-based products. In addition, high value added applications of PHA have also been continuously developed, as described below [4]. 

The cost for the production of PHA is still too high for application for biodegradable packaging. High value added applications, especially biomedical application and fine chemical application, may be realistic for the current PHA applications. Many efforts have been made in this area. 

Before the PHA production cost can be brought to the point where it can compete with conventional plastics, high value added application in medical fields should be the real destination of PHA. As these polymers possess not only excellent mechanical properties and processability but also good biocompatibility, their application as tissue engineering materials looks very promising. 

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) is thus classified in the category of specialty polymers, although its mechanical properties resemble those of technical polymers. Because of its high cost it is used in high-value added applications. 

It shares numerous properties with PTFE high density, chemical inertia, thermostability, flame-resistance, and anti-adhesive capacity, but it also exhibits good mechanical characteristics at very low temperatures. It also exhibits a basic property that differentiates it from PTFE processability by the usual techniques of extrusion, injection, and compression molding. Due to its high cost, it is a technical polymer that is used only for high-value added applications. Its annual world production does not exceed 500 tons. 

The annual world production of PI is a few thousands of tons it is a relatively low volume compared to some other technical polymers, but, due to their high cost, PI are intended for very high value added applications (depending on their structure. 

---