Minimum added value

Added value. Note also the term added value which is the difference between the price of the finished product and the cost of the raw material needed to make it. Thus the term minimum added value represents the added value needed to cover capital and operating costs, and to yield a minimum acceptable rate of profitability. 

Quahty criteria for ad grades sound, fair and marketable quahty, dry, inhomogeneous granulated crystals, or free-flowing. Ad values are maximum except for sucrose content, which are minimum. 

Problem Orthogonal equivalent hybrids for /u. = 1 could also be achieved by adding p character (sp d1 hybrids). For what minimum X value is orthogonality achieved What is the corresponding bond angle a of the sp d1 hybrids ... 

By adding 1,000 ppm of water to the jet fuel and shearing at a high rate, the tendency of water to emulsify with jet fuel can be rated. Most jet fuel refiners place a minimum passing WSIM specification of 80% or greater on finished jet fuel. The minimum passing value accepted by the U.S. military and the airline industry is a transmittance rating of 70%. 

Higher gross profits than 10% need a higher potential efficiency to become attractive for implementing Chemical Leasing from the producer s point of view. In case of gross profits of 30% a minimum efficiency rate of 20% is needed to reach approximately the same added-value like in scenario 1. 

The issue of too much water being added to juices has largely been addressed through the application of a minimum solids content (measured in degrees Brix). Many countries now have in place a minimum Brix value for various juices. These minima are backed either by legal statute or industry code of practice. They normally apply to juices prepared by adding water to concentrate and not to not from concentrate products. 

The interest rate i in Eq. 15.42 can be selected as representative for the company, close to similar projects, or imposed as minimum acceptable. From profitability point of view the objective of a project is to maximise the net present value NPV. This implies not only recovering the initial investment, but also generating sufficient added value after the breakeven point. In this way NPV appears as a measure of the total value that could be achieved over a longer time. However, the analysis depends on the assumed value of the interest rate. This limitation can be removed by reference to the maximum achievable performance, the discounted rate of return. 

Because there are a finite number of samples in the set used for prediction, in many cases the number of factors that gives a minimum PRESS value can still be overfit for predicting unknown samples. In other words, there is a statistical possibility that some of the noise vectors from the spectral decomposition may be present in more than one sample. These vectors can appear to improve the calibration by a small amount when, by random correlation, they are added to the model. However, if these exact same noise vectors are not present in future unknown samples (and most likely they will not be), the predicted concentrations will have significantly larger prediction errors than if those additional vectors were left out of the model. 

Under conditions of constant temperature and when no work is performed on the system, (2 47) shows that the change in the Helmholtz free energy, A=U T8f can only be negative. Therefore the criterion of eqi brium, under conditions of prescribed temperature and volume, is that A has reached its minimum possible value. Adding d pV) to the last expression... 

Aims for maximum quality and added value for your product using minimum resources and the least possible environmental impact. 

For commodity products. Xerox coined the term deliver JIT that is, the product had to be delivered out of stock. Where sales forecasts are traditionally poor, the challenge was one of flexibility, simplicity and speed of manufacture. For mid-range products, it was unrealistic to hold just in case inventories of products that are too complex to be assembled quickly. Instead, finish JIT was the term coined to describe the new policy of building semi-finished products with the minimum of added value, consistent with being able to complete and deliver the product in the five-day target. Finally, build JIT... 

More than 7.5 MW could be added from a hot utility to the first interval, but the objective is to find the minimum hot and cold utility. Thus from Fig. 6.186, QHmin = 7.5MW and Qcmm = 10MW. This corresponds with the values obtained from the composite curves in Fig. 6.5a. One further important piece of information can be deduced from the cascade in Fig. 6.186. The point where the heat flow goes to zero at T = 145°C corresponds to the pinch. Thus the actual hot and cold stream pinch temperatures are 150 and 140°C. Again, this agrees with the result from the composite curves in Fig. 6.5a. 

The base of this estimation is the signal to noise ratio. The lowest signal to noise ratio S/N which is necessary as a minimum to discern a signal from noise is S/N = 2 1 (4). Referring to the limiting values for the granularity Oj, of the film system classes the smallest density difference AD of an defect which would just be visible should be at least two times greater than On. 

Table 1 Estimated minimum values of thickness differences Ad of steel of small lateral...

In a back titration, a slight excess of the metal salt solution must sometimes be added to yield the color of the metal-indicator complex. Where metal ions are easily hydrolyzed, the complexing agent is best added at a suitable, low pH and only when the metal is fully complexed is the pH adjusted upward to the value required for the back titration. In back titrations, solutions of the following metal ions are commonly employed Cu(II), Mg, Mn(II), Pb(II), Th(IV), and Zn. These solutions are usually prepared in the approximate strength desired from their nitrate salts (or the solution of the metal or its oxide or carbonate in nitric acid), and a minimum amount of acid is added to repress hydrolysis of the metal ion. The solutions are then standardized against an EDTA solution (or other chelon solution) of known strength. 

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