Animal Feedstocks

As much as two-thirds of the grain produced in the United States is used to feed livestock. To reduce costs and increase sustainability of livestock production, there is recent interest in using fast-growing, high-protein algal species as animal feed. 

Some species are already used extensively as aquaculture feed [180], and algal facilities for biofuels or other industrial uses will soon produce a large excess of residual biomass. Some of this biomass can be added back into the media for subsequent cultures to recycle the nutrients, but it is also a rich source of protein that is valuable as a feed additive for both livestock and farmed fish. 

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Agricultural water supplies, for irrigation and animal feedstock Riverbanks, soils, sediments... 

Bacteria, yeast and algae are produced in massive quantities of protein sources as food for animals and humans.1 SCP is considered a major source of feed for animals. The production of valuable biological products from industrial and agricultural wastes is considered through the bioconversion of solid wastes to added-value fermented product, which is easily marketable as animal feedstock. The waste streams that otherwise would cause pollution and threaten the environment can be considered raw material for CSP production using suitable strains of microorganisms. 

Example 5.1 Animal feedstock, a distillery byproduct, is to be stored in a silo, a rectangular facility 12 m high and 3 m x 3 m square. For an ambient temperature of 20 °C do we expect a problem What would be the critical ambient temperature sufficient to cause spontaneous ignition in the silo The following oven data was obtained for cubes of side s(= 2r0) from feedstock samples. 

We consider a new, 40 million-gal ethanol facility built in the San Joaquin Valley. Feedstocks for the facility include corn and surplus fruit products. Coproducts include dried distiller s grain (DDG), and pomace, another animal feedstock. We assume that the facility operates throughout the year, using selected combinations of feedstock materials. The seasonality of biomass availability is demonstrated in Table 2. Corn and raisins are available throughout the year, because both crops can be stored after harvest (Table 2). Oranges also are available throughout the year, because we consider two varieties that are harvested at different times of the year. 

Macromolecular biomass composition is of obvious interest when the biomass itself is the product, such as algal biomass in [18], or for production of singlecell protein, for e.g. animal feedstock. Moreover, for a precise metabolic flux analysis, changes in biomass composition should be taken in account. For example, Henriksen et al. [19] observed with E. coli under different growth rates, that the levels of DNA and lipids were relatively constant, whereas the proteins and stable RNA levels increased with the specific growth rate and the total amount of carbohydrates decreased. 

Although the man-made evaporators are technically feasible for water evaporation, they are generally only economically feasible when the dried sludge can be sold as fertilizer or used as vitamin- and protein-enriched animal feedstock. Such possibilities will depend on the market values, as well as the attitude of the pubhc to demand waste recycle and accept the associated environmental costs. More detailed evaporation process applications are discussed in Example 9 (Section 4.9). 

Agglomeration and encapsulation of fine particles are encountered in several industrial sectors such as pharmaceuticals, detergents, fertilizers, and animal feedstocks. The volume throughput in these processes can vary enormously. Batch processing is suitable for pharmaceutical applications where the volume of production is quite low and product values are very high, while a continuous process is essential in other sectors where the volume throughput is very high. 

The SCOPE project constructed a mass balance for reactive nitrogen under anthropogenic influence on the regional scale (Howarth, 1996). For inputs, for the terrestrial ecosystems the SCOPE N analysis considered application of N fertilizers, N fixation by agricultural crops, if any, NOy depositions, and import or export of N in food and animal feedstocks. Output items considered crop uptake, denitrification and volatilization and river discharge. For marine ecosystems, this analysis includes also seawater exchange. 

Anahaena 586 anaplerosis 660 animal feedstocks - algal protein extracts 625 antibodies 677... 

Karmakar, A., Karmakar, S., Mukherjee, S., 2010. Properties of various plants and animals feedstocks for biodiesel production. Bioresour. Technol. 101, 7201-7210. 

Besides being used as animal feedstock, plant-derived oils are drawing attention as an alternative to marine oils to feed aqnacnlture and other farmed carnivores. Although plant oils are considered to be a cheap and renewable source for animal feed, there is still a need for modification to meet the nutritional reqnirements of fish and animal stocks (Thompson, 2000). Vegetable oils for fish shonld contain 18 2 n-6, 18 1 n-9, and n-3 PUFA. Rapeseed oil contains... 

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