Value-added compounds

The possibility of producing certain value-added compounds such as surfactants, which can be derived from intermediates produced in petroleum biodesulfurization processes, has been evaluated. HPBS is a molecule with amphiphilic characteristics desirable for surfactant applications [243], Several oxidation reactions, from the 4S pathway are considered before reaching the final product. The compounds of the invention include acyloxybiphenylsulfinates, acyloxybiphenylsulfonates, alkyl sulfinatobiphenyl ethers, and alkyl sulfonatobiphenyl ethers. The invention also provides methods of producing these compounds. 

Abstract Piperazines and its congeners, (di)keto piperazines are valuable tools in drug discovery, providing a natural path for the process peptide > peptidomimetic > small molecule also called depeptisation. Moreover, they can provide molecular probes to understand molecular pathways for diseases of unmet medical need. However, in order to better understand the design of such value added compounds, the detailed understanding of scope and limitation of their synthesis as well as their 3D structures and associated physicochemical properties is indispensables. Isocyanide multicomponent reaction (MCR) chemistry provides a prime tool for entering the chemical space of (di)(keto)piperazines since not less then 20 different ways exist to access a diversity of related scaffolds. 

Development of hybrid production-separation processes may be the way to successful solutions especially in the case of higher value added compounds. 

In the electroreductive treatments of halogenated organic pollutants the goal is either the complete dehalogenation (mostly hydrodehalogenation) of the substrates to ease their further treatment (e.g. improve their biodegradability), or their transformation into value-added compounds (e.g. selective removal of halogens, carboxyla-tion/carbonylation). 

Various chemical processes of limonene, which lead to the obtainment of useful chemicals and some analytical methods, are based on these reactions. Many flavor chemicals are synthesized from limonene by reaction with water, sulfur and halogens, or hydrolysis, hydrogenation, boration, oxidation and epoxide formation (Thomas and Bessiere, 1989). Hydroperoxides have also been studied and isolated because of their effect on off-flavor development in products containing citrus oil flavoring agents (Clark et al., 1981 Schieberle et al., 1987). Hydration of d-limonene produces alpha-terpineol, a compound that gives off an undesirable aroma in citrus-flavored products. It is also possible to produce alpha-terpineol and other useful value-added compounds... 

In principle, MRT can be applied to industrial synthesis in very different fields the synthesis of basic chemicals, commodities, specialties, fine chemicals and functional chemicals. The most interesting approach Hes in the synthesis of high-value-added compounds, such as pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals and functional chemicals [17]. 

The fractionation of extracts previously obtained by water-ethanol extraction was described in detail by Brunner and Budich [7]. This development suggests that frac-tionahon with carbon dioxide can be advantageously used as a secondary separation process to obtain highly pure, high-value-added compounds from natural products. 

Needless to say, solid acid and base catalysts play a key role in the transformation of biomass-derived materials to value-added compounds such as carbonyl compounds [21-33]. For example, lactic acid could be obtained from cellulose using tungstated alumina as a Lewis add catalyst [137], and from glucose using HT as a solid base catalyst [138]. In this parL selective conversions of biomass-sourced materials using solid acid and base catalysts are surveyed alongside mechanistic considerations. 

Thus, it can be seen the complexity for each mixture from biomass. Therefore, biooil obtained may undergo further steps, called second generation processes. Thermal and catalytic processes that allow the production of high value added compounds are usually used. These processes are shown in Figure 23.7. 

Clostridium acetohutylicum Butanol and riboflavin B/C Riboflavin can be recovered relatively easily. Riboflavin is a value-added compound that would increase the value of the culture by tens of times. 49... 

Yarrowia lipolytica Wratislavia Citric acid and erythritol C Erythritol is a value-added compound that can increase the economics of the fermentation process of citric acid. 54... 

The direct electrooxidation of aqueous E>-g]uconic acid to l>arabinose on graphite has been performed in a very simple apparatus which may be suitable for practical application. The electrocatalytic oxidation of sucrose on smooth, lead-modified platinum electrodes has been examined with a view to finding experimental conditions for the selective electrosynthesis of value-added compounds. A paper in Bulgarian on the electrooxidation of diacetone-L-sorbose at low current densities in a nickel oxide electrolizer has been publi ed. The influence of the rize of palladium particles and their location on the support on their activity in the oxidation of glucose has been examined. An investigation of the effect of tonperature and pH on the platinum-catalysed oxidation of sucrose showed that changes in temperature affect mainly the reaction rate, where changes in pH alter the selectivity. ... 

Many methods can be applied for cleaning wastewaters from organic chlorides. However, while oxidative treatments (chemical, photochemical, or electrochemical) may lead to products that are even more harmful than the original ones (e.g., dioxins), reductive methods may in principle lead to value-added compounds. For example, the reduction of polychloromethane may lead to methane, while the reduction of polychloroethanes and polychloroethenes may lead to ethane, ethylene, or acetylene. While the most adopted and studied methods are represented by reduction with molecular H2 [5] or by zerovalent metals and organometaUic compounds [6, 7], other methods involving photochemical [8] and electrochemical approaches have been intensively developed. 

In 1950 it was estimated that 7,000 compounds had to be isolated or synthesized and then tested for therapeutic activity for each one that became a pharmaceutical product. The challenge is becoming more difficult 10,000 compounds had to be evaluated in 1979 for each one that became a medicine, and it may be as high as 20,000 now. The reasons for this are several-fold. The market for so-called high value-added compounds is very competitive. It does not suffice that another compound be as active as something already on the market the new compound must offer improved characteristics to be worthwhile for commercialization. Also there are serious hurdles regarding ease and cost of synthesis, patentability, the environmental safety of the compound, and societal need for the compound. Hence it is not unexpected that thousands of compounds will have to be scrutinized by CAMD technology for every one that makes it to the market. 

The microbial oil production process requires four main steps cell disruption, oil extraction, separation of value-added compounds (PUFAs), and esterification/... 

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