Added-value maximization

Steinberger-Wilckens, R. (2003). Not cost minimisation but added value maximization. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 28 (7), 763-770. 

The economic objective in the model can either be represented as operating cost minimization or added-value maximization. In the case of added-value maximization, product prices are subtracted from the cost of feedstocks for each process. If PrCpet is the price of chemical cp, the added-value objective function can be represented as ... 

The above discussion shows the importance of petrochemical network planning in process system engineering studies. In this chapter we develop a deterministic strategic planning model of a network of petrochemical processes. The problem is formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming model with the objective of maximizing the added value of the overall petrochemical network. 

This problem was formulated as an MILP with the overall objective of minimizing total annualized cost of the refinery and maximizing the added value from the PVC petrochemical network. Maximizing the added value of the petrochemical network is appropriate since the feedstock costs contribute to the majority of the total cost. For instance, the feedstock cost of an ethylene plant contributes to more than 87% of the total cost when naphtha is used and 84% and 74% when propane and ethane are used, respectively (NBK MENA Equity Research, 2007). 

The biorefinery approach is the most sound in terms of truly exploiting the potential of an aquatic biomass, and this concept is now becoming accepted on a worldwide basis. In the biorefinery approach, the economic and energetic value of the biomass is maximized, although it must be emphasized that fluctuations in the prices of fossil carbon (coal, oil, gas) raises uncertainty regarding the opportunity to produce biodiesel from aquatic biomass. For example, when the oil price is below US 120 per barrel it is uneconomic to produce biodiesel in this way. On the other hand, an aquatic biomass demonstrates an excellent potential for use as a source of specialty chemicals, with some components also having added value as animal feeds or fertilizers. 

In contrast, chemical product design seeks to obtain the most added value for a product through enhanced product properties. This is far more complex than a mathematical treatment to maximize profit, as profit will depend in some unidentified way upon a complex set of product properties that may not even be identified at the outset. Thus, product design and engineering must not only require new chemical engineering approaches, but even more fundamentally, a new mindset. 

Interpolation is facilitated and accuracy is maximized if the % transmittance is between 1 and 10, by multiplying its value by 10, finding the absorbance corresponding to the result, and adding 1. For example, to find the absorbance corresponding to 8.45% transmittance, note that 84.5% transmittance corresponds to an absorbance of 0.0731, so that 8.45% transmittance corresponds to an absorbance of 1.0731. For % transmittance values between 0.1 and 1, multiply by 100, find the absorbance corresponding to the result, and add 2. 

Shall maximize value-added floor space. Replaced by optimize. 

Sometimes, new values are added not only to the polymer itself, but also to the shape or physical state of the processed polymers to maximize the profit opportunity. For example, when a company develops a novel polymeric material and its manufacturing technology, the company may prefer to make their novel polymers available to customers in the form of intermediate consumer products, such as hi performance films or fibers, rather than manufacturing and selling bulk resins to industrial customers. To do so, the company should have a line of technical capabilities from polymer synthesis to consumer product manufacturing. 

The right part of equation [4], E = e c d, represents Lambert-Beer s law. E is called the extinction, c is the substance concentration, and d is the thickness of the sample. The E values span from 0 (this is the case when all light is transmitted and no absorption takes place, i.e., 1 = Iq) to inhnity, °o (this is the case of maximal extinction when no incident light is transmitted, i.e., 1 = 0). Realistic E values that can be correctly measured by normal spectrometers range between 0 and 2. Instead of using the E expression for extinction, A for absorbance is often used. E and A are dimensionless values, i.e., numbers without units. Nevertheless, OD, the symbol for optical density, is often added to E and A in order to clarify their meanings. 

Very often the use of process water and/or the treatment of wastewater requires the use of inorganic or organic additives. Sometimes these additives have to be considered later on as pollutants, sometimes as compounds of which the concentration in the process water should not be too high. It is therefor not allowed that the concentration of these additives exceeds a maximal admissible value. This means that in case of a continuous closed loop system, the physical/chemical treatment step has to remove an amount of these compounds corresponding to the amount of these compounds added elsewhere in the closed loop water system, minus the amount consumed in the production process. Often the consequence is that only relatively low removal efficiency in the treatment step is necessary. 

Within the series of 3-hydroxy-4-p5iridinonates, it is difficult to discern which alkyl substituents at positions 1 and 2 maximize stability constants. Table IV suggests that, from log Ki values for 2+ cations, 1,2-diethyI complexes M(depp) are marginally more stable than 1,2-dimethyI complexes M(dmpp). However Table VIII shows log Ps for MCdeppls to be smaller than log P3 for M(depp)3, for M = Fe, Ga, and In, but the opposite for M — Gd. Unfortunately differences between experimental conditions, particularly in relation to the nature and concentration of salts added to maintain ionic strength, often... 

Today, a certain level of diversity has been discovered in SNIa events. Before they can be used as cosmological distance standards, it must be checked that their maximal luminosity has an appropriate value. Otherwise ad hoc corrections must be brought to bear to... 

Fig. 4 gives the results for experiments in which all of the water used contained surfactant at a concentration of 0.02% (w/v). Under these operating conditions, maximal extraction occurred with surfactant containing 15—20 mol% ethylene oxide. This corresponds to an HLB of 7.6—8.0. The maximum value obtained was 22% of the total bitumen in the surface fraction (Makon 20). Fig. 5 gives the results for experiements in which"all the surfactant was added in a small volume of water at the beginning of the process, resulting in a much higher initial... 

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