Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene/polycarbonate blend

Here/o (=/i of equation 49 of Chapter 11) is the fractional free volume at zero strain. For reasonable values of parameters near Tg, it can be estimated that a tensile strain of 1% would shift the time scale by about one logarithmic decade. In a simpler formulation, the ratio j6ty/j8 may be taken as unity. Experiments of this sort have been report for poly(methyl methacrylate), copolymers consisting largely of polyacrylonitrile, polycarbonate, and an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer blend the effects of strain dilatation on tensile stress relaxation, torsional stress relaxation, and combined tensile and torsional stress relaxation have been compared. - ... 

Automotive appHcations account for about 116,000 t of woddwide consumption aimuaHy, with appHcations for various components including headlamp assembHes, interior instmment panels, bumpers, etc. Many automotive appHcations use blends of polycarbonate with acrylonitrile—butadiene—styrene (ABS) or with poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) (see Acrylonitrile polymers). Both large and smaH appHances also account for large markets for polycarbonate. Consumption is about 54,000 t aimuaHy. Polycarbonate is attractive to use in light appHances, including houseware items and power tools, because of its heat resistance and good electrical properties, combined with superior impact resistance. 

Boronic acids (69 and 70) (Fig. 45) with more than one boronic acid functionality are known to form a polymer system on thermolysis through the elimination of water.93 Specifically, they form a boroxine (a boron ring system) glass that could lead to high char formation on burning. Tour and co-workers have reported the synthesis of several aromatic boronic acids and the preparation of their blends with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) resins. When the materials were tested for bum resistance using the UL-94 flame test, the bum times for the ABS samples were found to exceed 5 minutes, thereby showing unusual resistance to consumption by fire.94... 

Engineering polymers are often used as a replacement for wood and metals. Examples include polyamides (PA), often called nylons, polyesters (saturated and unsaturated), aromatic polycarbonates (PCs), polyoxymethylenes (POMs), polyacrylates, polyphenylene oxide (PPO), styrene copolymers, e.g., styrene/ acrylonitrile (SAN) and acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS). Many of these polymers are produced as copolymers or used as blends and are each manufactured worldwide on the 1 million tonne scale. 

We previously reported that brominated aromatic phosphate esters are highly effective flame retardants for polymers containing oxygen such as polycarbonates and polyesters (9). Data were reported for use of this phosphate ester in polycarbonates, polyesters and blends. In some polymer systems, antimony oxide or sodium antimonate could be deleted. This paper is a continuation of that work and expands into polycarbonate alloys with polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). 

Polycarbonate is blended with a number of polymers including PET, PBT, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS) rubber, and styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer. The blends have lower costs compared to polycarbonate and, in addition, show some property improvement. PET and PBT impart better chemical resistance and processability, ABS imparts improved processability, and SMA imparts better retention of properties on aging at high temperature. Poly(phenylene oxide) blended with high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) (polybutadiene-gra/f-polystyrene) has improved toughness and processability. The impact strength of polyamides is improved by blending with an ethylene copolymer or ABS rubber. 

The growth of these materials is reflected in the number of polymers which are being glass reinforced. These include polypropylene, polystyrene, styrene acrylonitrile, nylon, polyethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, modified polyphenylene oxide, polycarbonate, acetal, polysulfone, polyurethane, poly (vinyl chloride), and polyester. In addition, the reinforced thermoplastics available now include long-fiber compounds, short-fiber compounds, super concentrates for economy, a combination of long and short fibers, and blends of polymer and fibrous glass. 

K.H. Pawlowski and B. Schartel, Flame retardancy mechanisms of aryl phosphates incombination with boehmite in bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blends, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 2008, 93 657-667. 

Pawlowski KH, Schartel B. Flame retardancy mechanisms of triphenyl phosphate, resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) and bisphenol a bisfdiphenyl phosphate) in polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends. Polym. Int. 2007 56 1404-1414. 

To improve the properties of PLA, plasticizers, special additives such as chain-extenders, polymer blends, and composites are commonly investigated. Martin and Averous (10) have studied the effects of various plasticizers on the properties of PLA. Pilla et al. (11-12) have investigated the effects of chain-extenders on the foaming properties of PLA. In addition, a vast number of studies have been conducted to enhance the properties of PLA by blending it with various polymers such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene oxide (PPO), polyvinyl acetate, polyolefins, polystyrene, HIPS (high impact polystyrene), polyacetals, polycarbonate, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) (13-26). 

Styrenic copolymers are materials capable of thermoplastic processing which, in addition to styrene (S), also contain at least one other monomer in the main polymer chain. Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymers are the most important representative and basic building blocks of the entire class of products. By adding rubbers to SAN either ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) or ASA (acrylate-styrene-acrylonitrile) polymers are obtained depending on the type of rubber component employed. These two classes of products yield blends composed of ASA and polycarbonate (ASA -f PC) or ABS and polyamide (ABS -(- PA). 

Maurer et al. [1985] have examined the two-phase blend of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, ABS, (Tg = 110°C) and polycarbonate of bisphe-nol-A, PC, (T = 151°C) using stress relaxation measurements. Four regimes of behavior were found. Below 70°C both (t - T) and (t - y superpositions were possible, because the aging rates p defined as ... 

The term acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) is used very broadly to define an important class of thermoplastic materials of which there are many different grades. These materials are used extensively in electrical a pliances, in the building and construction industries and in automotive componoits. Certain grades of ABS also find use as toughening agents in blends with other polymers, for example polycarbonates and polyamides (see Sections 19.8 and 19.9.3). 

The most common polymers used for instrument panel stmctnres are acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blended with polycarbonate (ABS/PC), polycarbonate (PC), poly(phenylene oxide) blended with nylon (PPO/nylon), poly(phenylene oxide) blended with styrene (PPO/styrene), polypropylene (PP), and styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) [3]. The percentage of each of these polymers typically used in year 2000 models is shown below in Table 17.3 [3], All of these materials by themselves... 

Let us first review various thermoplastics used in automotive applications. These include nylon 6,6-based blends (e.g., nylon 6,6-PPO), glass-filled nylon 6,6 with without impact modifiers, homo- and copolymers of PP, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyethylene (PE), bis-phenol A polycarbonate (PC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), PC-ABS blends, glass-filled PP, and ABS. 

Patented or commercial polymer blends are in most cases multiphase, compatibilized systems. In the old but still popular blends of polyvinyl chloride or polycarbonate with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, PVC/ABS or PC/ABS, the styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, SAN, ascertains adequate compatibilization in the systems. Note that ABS went through a series of process and composition modifications to enhance performance in blends. 

The blend of bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resin is a useful industrial material. One reason is that the miscibility between PC and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN), which is a matrix of ABS resin, is not too bad, though it is immiscible. In particular, a blend of PC and SAN-25 with 25 wt% AN is useful, because the miscibility is the best in PC/SAN systems and the blend shows the lowest value of x in the system (Li et al. 1999). The blend has been used without any compatibUizers. It would be expected that the... 

The behavior of the two-phase systems is complex and responses on aging can be affected by the thermal history and aging temperature. This is well illustrated by a series of investigations, the two-phase blend of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS, Tg = 110 °C) and polycarbonate of bisphenol-A (BPAPC, Tg = 151 °C). Due to the phase-separated structure of the blend, two enthalpy recovery peaks are detected by enthalpy relaxation and attributed to the two components (Tang and Lee-SuUivan 2008). However, aging appears to have little effect on the ABS component even at temperatures close to the ABS glass transition. 

SAE J1685, Classification System for Automotive Acrylonitrile/Butadiene/Styrene (ABS) and ABS + Polycarbonate Blends (ABS + PC) Based Plastics. ... 

Traugott and co-workers [41] place the emphasis on aspects of PP, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) blends with ABS or impaa modifiers. Material development benefits from a host of recent technical advancements such as catalysis, reaction engineering, impact modification and compatibilisation. Some examples of these are fourth generation Ziegler-Natta and metallocene polyolefin catalysts, highly efficient solution processes (PP and ABS) and copolymer modifiers. 

Oligomeric aromatic phosphates have been patented and commercially used as flame-retardant additives mainly for impact-resistant polystyrene blends with polyphenylene oxide and polycarbonate blends with acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymers (130,131). They have also been shown useful in thermoplastic polyesters (92). The principal commercial examples are based on phenol and resorcinol (Akzo-Nobel s Fyrolflex RDP) or phenol and bisphenol A (Akzo-Nobel s Fyrolflex BDP or Albemarle s Ncendx P-30). Although these have the diphosphate as their principal ingredient, they also contain higher oligomers. 

Apparatus for the measurement of this property according to DIN 53464 [56] are available from ATS FAAR (Table 2.6). Beracchi and coworkers [60] reported on computer-simulatedmoldshrinkage studies on talc-filled polypropylene, glass-reinforced polyamide, and polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends. 

Rheological studies have been conducted on several polymers. These include dynamic rheological measurement and capillary rheometry of rubbers [92], capillary rheometry of polypropylene [106], degradation studies on polypropylene [107], torsion rheometry of polyethylene [108], viscosity effects in blends of polycarbonate with styrene-acrylonitrile and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene [109], peel adhesion of rubber-based adhesives [110], and the effect of composition of melamine-formaldehyde resins on rheological properties [112],... 

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