Polystyrene impact resistant

Impact polystyrene (IPS) is one of a class of materials that contains mbber grafted with polystyrene. This composition is usually produced by polymerizing styrene (by mass or solution free-radical polymerization) in the presence of a small amount (ca 5%) of dissolved elastomer. Some of the important producers of impact-resistant polystyrenes are BASE (Polystyrol), Dow (Styron), and Monsanto (Lustrex). The 1988 U.S. production of impact polystyrene was more than 1 million t (92). 

The results of [91] supply ample evidence in support of this qualitative picture. The authors determined the baric viscosity factor b = [0 In j/(0P)-1] T (where t] is viscosity, P is pressure) for impact-resistant polystyrene filled with antimony trioxide. The viscosity piezocoefficient is known to be related to the free volume. A very simple formula for this relationship has been proposed in [92] in this form ... 

One of the most important outcomes of these efforts was impact-resistant polystyrene, which was obtained by modifying the brittle material with rubber. The first products were blends of polystyrene and synthetic rubbers recourse was soon made, however, to a principle that Ostromislensky (29) had suggested as early as 1927 styrene monomer was polymerized in the presence of rubber dissolved in it. 

Union Carbide (34) and in particular Dow adopted the continuous mass polymerization process. Credit goes to Dow (35) for improving the old BASF process in such a way that good quality impact-resistant polystyrenes became accessible. The result was that impact-resistant polystyrene outstripped unmodified crystal polystyrene. Today, some 60% of polystyrene is of the impact-resistant type. The technical improvement involved numerous details it was necessary to learn how to handle highly viscous polymer melts, how to construct reactors for optimum removal of the reaction heat, how to remove residual monomer and solvents, and how to convey and meter melts and mix them with auxiliaries (antioxidants, antistatics, mold-release agents and colorants). All this was necessary to obtain not only an efficiently operating process but also uniform quality products differentiated to meet the requirements of various fields of application. In the meantime this process has attained technical maturity over the years it has been modified a number of times (Shell in 1966 (36), BASF in 1968 (37), Granada Plastics in 1970 (38) and Monsanto in 1975 (39)) but the basic concept has been retained. 

The first move in this direction was to improve the weatherability of impact-resistant polystyrene. Because polybutadiene, the most widely used rubber in impact-resistant polystyrene, is unsaturated, it is sensitive to photooxidation, and impact-resistant polystyrene is therefore not suitable for outdoor applications. A saturated rubber might be able to help here. In the ABS sector this has been successfully tried out with acrylate rubber (77) and EPDM (78, 79), and the latter has also been used in impact-resistant polystyrene (80, 81) This development has elicited satisfactory responses only in certain areas and more work still has to be done. For instance, attempts have been made to improve resistance to weathering by using silicone rubber (82 ). This approach is effective, but economic factors still stand in its way. Further impetus may also be expected from stabilizer research. Hindered secondary amines (83), to which considerable attention has recently been paid, are a first step in this direction. 

Another successful development was based on morphological studies of traditional impact-resistant polystyrenes. Products with unusually big particles and a certain combination of composition and properties are particularly resistant to stress cracking (84). They have achieved considerable success on the... 

The heat distortion temperature of impact-resistant polystyrene may also be improved by polymer blends. Those of impact-resistant polystyrene with poly-2,5-dimethylphenylene-1,4-oxide (PPO) are particularly interesting (90). Polystyrene and PPO are molecularly compatible and mixtures of them have glass transition temperatures which vary virtually linearly with composition. A further advantage of these compositions which should not be under-estimated is their better flame resistance. 

Impact-resistant polystyrene from latex blends. 

Continuous mass process for impact-resistant polystyrene from styrene and SBR (Dow) goes onstream. 

Processing of impact-resistant polystyrene to large injection moldings (weighing up to 10 kg). 

Polyblends of impact-resistant polystyrene and PPO (NORYL, General Electric). ... 

Transparent block copolymers of styrene and butadiene, having polystyrene character (Phillips). Weather-resistant, impact-resistant polystyrene with EPDM rubber (Mitsui Toatsu, Hoechst). 

ISO 2897-1 1997 Plastics - Impact-resistant polystyrene (PS-I) moulding and extrusion materials - Part 1 Designation system and basis for specifications ISO 2897-2 2003 Plastics - Impact-resistant polystyrene (PS-I) moulding and extrusion materials - Part 2 Preparation of test specimens and determination of properties ISO 14631 1999 Extruded sheets of impact-modified polystyrene (PS-I) - Requirements and test methods... 

Clear impact-resistant polystyrene is a commercial plastic with the desirable combination of toughness and exceptional clarity. It is a styrene-1,3-butadiene multiblock copolymer containing more than 60% styrene. Most of these products are mixtures of block copolymers formed by incremental additions of initiator and monomers followed by coupling (Sec. 5-4c). The products generally have a tapered and multiblock composition with branching (due to the coupling agent). 

The annual worlwide production of triblock thermoplastic elastomers, clear impact-resistant polystyrene, and other styrene-diene products produced by anionic polymerization exceeds a couple of billion pounds. (Commercial utilization of anionic polymerization also includes the polymerization of 1,3-butadiene alone.)... 

MABS polymers (methyl methacrylate-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) together with blends composed of polyphenylene ether and impact-resistant polystyrene (PPE/PS-I) also form part of the styrenic copolymer product range. Figure 2.1 provides an overview of the different classes of products and trade names. A characteristic property is their amorphous nature, i.e. high dimensional stability and largely constant mechanical properties to just below the glass transition temperature, Tg. 

The most important current graft copolymers include impact-resistant polystyrenes, in which a rubber, like polybutadiene (1-28) is dissolved in styrene ... 

Used as an antioxidant and thermostabilizer for polypropylene, polyethylene, impact resistant polystyrene, poly-4-methyl-pentene. Can be used as a stabilizer for natural and synthetic rubber, polyvinyl chloride. A copolymer of acrylonitrile with butadiene and styrene, polyacetals, alkyde resins, polyamides and polyesters. 

Other articles of interest on photostabilization include oligomeric azomethanes and carbazolesulphonanilates in cellulose acetate, phos-phonates in impact resistant polystyrene, manganese and heterocyclic compounds in polyamides, transition-metal compounds in u.v.-curable resins, oxanilides in paints, phosphites in styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, copper... 

Bulk polymerization is ideally suited for making pure polymeric products, as in the manufacture of optical grade poly(methyl methacrylate) or impact-resistant polystyrene, because of minimal contamination of the product. However, removal of the unreacted monomer is usually necessary, and this can be a difficult process. This may be achieved in vacuum extruders where the molten polymer is extmded under vacuum to suck off the residual monomer. 

Styrenic plastics such as acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene graft copolymers (ABS) and impact-resistant polystyrenes are very sensitive towards oxidation, mainly because of their butadiene content. Degradation on weathering starts at the surface and results in rapid loss of mechanical properties... 

K-Resin BDS Polymer A New Clear Impact-Resistant Polystyrene... 

Figure 2.4. Rubber membrane structure of impact-resistant polystyrene (6% polybutadiene 22% rubber phase volume). This graft-copolymer morphology, containing a fine structure within the discontinuous phase, is brought about by agitation during the early stages of polymerization. (Wagner and Robeson, 1970.)...

Figure 3.1. Electron photomicrograph (transmission) of an ultrathin section of a mechanically blended impact-resistant polystyrene, showing well-defined, but irregular, rubber particles. (Matsuo, 1968.)...

Formation of biaxially oriented films composed of polyethylene-polystyrene blends with polyethylene as the continuous phase and impact-resistant polystyrene as the reinforcing phase. Such films form tough, paperlike sheets that are impervious to water and are inherently opaque due to the existence of two phases of different refractive indexes. 

Graft polymerization of the monomer from which the matrix is built-up, onto the dispersed phase, e.g., graft polymerization of styrene onto polybutadiene during the preparation of impact-resistant polystyrene,... 

Plastics— Acrylonitrile/Butadiene/Styrene (ABS) Moulding and Extrusion Materials—Part 2 Preparation of Test Specimens and Determination of Properties Plastics—Impact Resistant Polystyrene... 

---