Acrylic acid Acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene polymer

C. Deacon and C.A. Wilkie, Graft copolymerization of acrylic acid on to acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer and thermal analysis of the copolymers, Eur. Polym. J., 32(4) 451-455, April 1996. 

Acrylic resin Acrylonitrilefbutadiene/styrene copolymer Bis (2,4-di-t-butylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphosphite Butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer EthyleneA/A copolymer Methoxyethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate butadiene styrene terpolymer Polyethylene elastomer, chlorinated 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methylmethyl ester, polymer with 1,3-butadiene and butyl 2-propenoate impact modifier, PVC rigid EVA/PVC graft polymer impact modifier, recycled polyamides EPDM, maleated impact modifier, thermoplastics Butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer impact strength modifier PEG-6 trimethylolpropane impact-resistance lights Polyester carbonate resin impact-resistance, lights Polyester carbonate resin impeller... 

For the purposes of this chapter, acrylic polymers are defined as polymers based on acrylic acid and its homologues and their derivatives. The principal commercial polymers in this class are based on acrylic acid itself (I) and methacrylic acid (II) esters of acrylic acid (III) and of methacrylic acid (IV) acrylonitrile (V) acrylamide (VI) and copolymers of these compounds. Copolymers of methacrylic acid and ethylene are described in Chapter 2. The important styrene-acrylonitrile and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymers are discussed in Chapter 3 whilst acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers are dealt with in Chapter 18. 

In these equations I is the initiator and I- is the radical intermediate, M is a vinyl monomer, I—M- is an initial monomer radical, I—M M- is a propagating polymer radical, and and are polymer end groups that result from termination by disproportionation. Common vinyl monomers that can be homo-or copolymeri2ed by radical initiation include ethylene, butadiene, styrene, vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate, acrylic and methacrylic acid esters, acrylonitrile, A/-vinylirnida2ole, A/-vinyl-2-pyrrohdinone, and others (2). 

Many substituents stabilize the monomer but have no appreciable effect on polymer stability, since resonance is only possible with the former. The net effect is to decrease the exothermicity of the polymerization. Thus hyperconjugation of alkyl groups with the C=C lowers AH for propylene and 1-butene polymerizations. Conjugation of the C=C with substituents such as the benzene ring (styrene and a-methylstyrene), and alkene double bond (butadiene and isoprene), the carbonyl linkage (acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate), and the nitrile group (acrylonitrile) similarly leads to stabilization of the monomer and decreases enthalpies of polymerization. When the substituent is poorly conjugating as in vinyl acetate, the AH is close to the value for ethylene. 

PVC can be blended with numerous other polymers to give it better processability and impact resistance. For the manufacture of food contact materials the following polymerizates and/or polymer mixtures from polymers manufactured from the above mentioned starting materials can be used Chlorinated polyolefins blends of styrene and graft copolymers and mixtures of polystyrene with polymerisate blends butadiene-acrylonitrile-copolymer blends (hard rubber) blends of ethylene and propylene, butylene, vinyl ester, and unsaturated aliphatic acids as well as salts and esters plasticizerfrec blends of methacrylic acid esters and acrylic acid esters with monofunctional saturated alcohols (Ci-C18) as well as blends of the esters of methacrylic acid butadiene and styrene as well as polymer blends of acrylic acid butyl ester and vinylpyrrolidone polyurethane manufactured from 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 1.4-butandiol and aliphatic polyesters from adipic acid and glycols. 

Styrene Copolymers. Acrylonitrile, butadiene, a-methylstyrene, acrylic acid, and maleic anhydride have been copolymerized with styrene to yield commercially significant copolymers. Acrylonitrile copolymer with styrene (SAN), the largest-volume styrenic copolymer, is used in applications requiring increased strength and chemical resistance over PS. Most of these polymers have been prepared at the cross-over or azeotropic composition, which is ca 24 wt % acrylonitrile (see Acrylonitrile polymers Copolyt rs). 

Alkali and acid treatments have also been used to modify surface properties of polymers sulfonated polyethylene films treated first with ethylenediamine and then with a terpolymer of vinyhdene chloride, acrylonitrile, and acrylic acid exhibited better clarity and scuff resistance and reduced permeabihty. Permanently amber-colored polyethylene containers suitable for storing light-sensitive compoimds have been produced by treating fluorosulfonated polyethylene with alkali. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) dipped into trichloroacetic/chromic acid mixture has improved adhesion to polyethylene and nylons. Antifogging lenses have been prepared by exposing polystyrene films to sulfonating conditions. Acid and alkali surface treatments have also been used to produce desired properties in polymethylmethacrylates, polyacrylonitrile, styrene-butadiene resins, polyisobutylene, and natural rubber. Surface halogenation of the diene polymers natural rubber and polyisobutylene resulted in increased adhesion to polar surfaces. 

Styrene-butadiene rubber latex (SBR, GRS) and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber latex (NBR) are two of the earliest to arrive on the market. Since then, many other types have appeared, with poly(vinyl acetate) and copolymers, acrylics (generally polymers and copolymers of the esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acids), and carboxylic-SBR types being the major products. Since latices are aqueous emulsions, less... 

Orientations in elongated mbbers are sometimes regular to the extent that there is local crystallization of individual chain segments (e.g., in natural rubber). X-ray diffraction patterns of such samples are very similar to those obtained from stretched fibers. The following synthetic polymers are of technical relevance as mbbers poly(acrylic ester)s, polybutadienes, polyisoprenes, polychloroprenes, butadiene/styrene copolymers, styrene/butadiene/styrene tri-block-copolymers (also hydrogenated), butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymers (also hydrogenated), ethylene/propylene co- and terpolymers (with non-conjugated dienes (e.g., ethylidene norbomene)), ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymers, ethyl-ene/methacrylic acid copolymers (ionomers), polyisobutylene (and copolymers with isoprene), chlorinated polyethylenes, chlorosulfonated polyethylenes, polyurethanes, silicones, poly(fluoro alkylene)s, poly(alkylene sulfide)s. 

Styrene/acrylonitrile copolymers are used for crockery, machine components, and monofilaments. They are made less breakable by the addition of l,4-ci5-poly(butadiene) (ABS polymer). ABS polymers are sensitive to sunlight and acid (weathering in exterior use), so for these purposes ASA polymers are more suitable, i.e., terpolymers of acrylic ester, styrene, and acrylonitrile. Terpolymers of methyl methacrylate, butadiene, and styrene (MBS polymers) are transparent, in contrast to ABS polymers. 

Emulsion polymerization requires free-radical polymerizable monomers which form the structure of the polymer. The major monomers used in emulsion polymerization include butadiene, styrene, acrylonitrile, acrylate ester and methacrylate ester monomers, vinyl acetate, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, and vinyl chloride. All these monomers have a different stmcture and, chemical and physical properties which can be considerable influence on the course of emulsion polymerization. The first classification of emulsion polymerization process is done with respect to the nature of monomers studied up to that time. This classification is based on data for the different solubilities of monomers in water and for the different initial rates of polymerization caused by the monomer solubilities in water. According to this classification, monomers are divided into three groups. The first group includes monomers which have good solubility in water such as acrylonitrile (solubility in water 8%). The second group includes monomers having 1-3 % solubility in water (methyl methacrylate and other acrylates). The third group includes monomers practically insoluble in water (butadiene, isoprene, styrene, vinyl chloride, etc.) [12]. 

Additionally to the procedures described earlier, improvements for thermostabilization is copolymerisation of vinyl chloride with suitable monomers. A great number of monomers were investigated to optimize the properties of resins. But only vinyl acetate, vinylidene chloride, ethylene, propylene, acrylonitrile, acrylic acid esters, and maleic acid esters, respectively, are of interest commercially [305,436,437]. The copolymerization was carried out in emulsion, suspension, and solution in connection with water- or oil-soluble initiators, as mentioned elsewhere. Another possibility for modifying PVC is grafting of VC on suitable polymers [305,438], blends of PVC with butadiene/styrene and butadiene/ methacryl acid esters copolymers [433], and polymer-analogous reactions on the macromolecule [439,440] (e.g., chlorination of PVC). 

Carboxylic elastomers have also been prepared by the addition of a carboxyl-bearing molecule such as thioglycollie acid, maleic anhydride, or acrylic acid to rubber in solvent, on the mill, or in latex. The preparation of a carboxylic polymer from a butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer in an internal or Banbury mixer has been mentioned in the adhesives patent literature. The carboxylation of vulcanized natural rubber and of butadiene-styrene copolymers, including reclaimed stocks of these elastomers, by treatment with maleic an-... 

In this work we present a theoretical discussion regarding this interaction parameter for 10 polymer-polymer-solvent systems, 4 copolymer-solvent systems along with their corresponding polymer pairs. Our polymer blends are real mixtures of 5 homopolymers consist of poly(N,N-dimethyl methacrylamide) (PDMAA), poly(2-dimethyl aminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), a typical membrane of commercial soft-contact lens i.e. poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP) all with water solvent. Copolymers studied are poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) in acetonitrile, poly(styrene co acrylonitrile) in 1,2 dichloroethane, poly (acrylonitrile-co butadiene) in hexane and poly (acrylonitrile-co butadiene) in pentane. 

The principal monomers butadiene, styrene, vinyl acetate, (meth)acrylates and acrylonitrile essenhally determine the material properties of films made from the corresponding dispersions the glass transition temperature, the water absorption capacity, the elasticity, etc. Auxiliary monomers, which are only used in a small proportion, usually <5 %, control important properties such as colloid-chemical stabilization (acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylamide, methacrylamide), crosslinking within the particles (difunctional acrylates, divinylbenzene, etc.) or hydrophilic properties (OH-containing monomers, such as hydroxyacrylates). Reactive monomers which still contain a latently reactive group even after incorporation into the polymer, for example glycidylmethacrylate or N-methylol(meth)acrylamide, can form a network between various particles and polymer molecules after film formation. 

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