POLYESTER-CARBONATE

Polyester blends Polyester carbonates Polyester containers Polyester-cotton blends Polyester, cross-linked Polyester diols... 

Azelaic, sebacic, dodecanedioic, and brassyhc acids may be used in copolyetheresteramides (111). Two patents describe additional apphcations for the C-9—C-40 diacids for the preparation of polyester carbonates (112), and the copolymerization of epoxides and carbon dioxide by reaction of either glutaric or adipic acids with zinc oxide (113). 

Color/Transparency. Almost all amorphous engineering thermoplastics, except PC and some polyester carbonates, are inherently colored. Even polycarbonates have yellowness indexes (YI) (36) of 0.1 to 5.0. Colorless material is produced from these resins by compounding with complementary blue dyes which reduce transmission. Ha2e in amorphous resins is an indication of particulates. Ha2e reduces optical clarity and transmission. 

Although several companies have produced polyarylates, Unitika in Japan and Hoechst-Celanese are the only ones active in the marketplace. Unitika resin is marketed in the United States by Amoco Performance Polymers under the Ardel trademark. The reason for this decline may be the competition of PC, polyester carbonates, and polysulfone resins. Worldwide sales are quite small, probably less than 1000 t/yr. 

Polycarbonate (PC) Resins. Polycarbonates (qv) based on bisphenol A are sold in large quantities. Other bisphenols can be incorporated, but do not give the same favorable combination of properties and cost (82). Small quantities of PC based on tetramethylbisphenol A are used as blending resins (83) and polyester carbonate copolymers are used for appHcations requiring heat-deflection temperatures above those of standard PC resins (47). 

Polyester C rbon te Copolymers. Polyester carbonate resins have molecular stmctures composed of iso- and terephthalate units in conjunction with the standard bisphenol A PC moieties. 

A convenient method of compositional designation uses molar percentages of ester and carbonate linkages coupled with the molar percentages of iso- and terephthalate units in the polymer. A 70% ester, 30% carbonate polyester carbonate with 60 parts of isophthalate and 40 parts of terephthalate is designated 70(60/40)30. Similarly, a standard PC resin is 0(0/0)100, and a polyarjlate resin composed of a 1 1 molar ratio of iso- to terephthalate units esterfied with bisphenol A is designated 100(50/50)0. 

Polyester carbonate resins are made by the interfacial process described for standard PC resins. The phthalate units are introduced by reaction of the appropriate phthaloyl dichlorides concurrent with the phosgenation. At present, Bayer, GE, and Miles produce polyester carbonate resins (47) sales volume is low, probably ca 100 t/yr. Polyester carbonates are used primarily in appHcations requiring 5—25°C higher heat-deflection temperature and better hydrolytic performance than are provided by standard PC resins. Properties are given in Table 9. 

Today about 75% of the market is held by General Electric and Bayer with their products Lexan and Makrolon respectively. Other manufacturers are ANIC (Italy), Taijin Chemical Co., Mitsubishi Edogawa and Idemitsu Kasei in Japan and, since 1985, Dow (USA) and Policarbonatos do Brasil (Brazil). Whilst this market is dominated by bis-phenol A polycarbonates, recent important developments include alloys with other thermoplastics, polyester carbonates and silicone-polycarbonate block copolymers. 

Polyester Carbonates and Block Copolymers 579 Table 20.9 Selected properties of PC-ABS and PC-PBT alloys... 

In the 1980s a number of copolymers became established, known as polyester carbonates, which may be considered as being intermediate between bisphenol A polycarbonates and the polyarylates discussed in Chapter 25. 

See also PBT degradation structure and properties of, 44-46 synthesis of, 106, 191 Polycaprolactam (PCA), 530, 541 Poly(e-caprolactone) (CAPA, PCL), 28, 42, 86. See also PCL degradation OH-terminated, 98-99 Polycaprolactones, 213 Poly(carbo[dimethyl]silane)s, 450, 451 Polycarbonate glycols, 207 Polycarbonate-polysulfone block copolymer, 360 Polycarbonates, 213 chemical structure of, 5 Polycarbosilanes, 450-456 Poly(chlorocarbosilanes), 454 Polycondensations, 57, 100 Poly(l,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) (PCT), 25 Polydimethyl siloxanes, 4 Poly(dioxanone) (PDO), 27 Poly (4,4 -dipheny lpheny lpho sphine oxide) (PAPO), 347 Polydispersity, 57 Polydispersity index, 444 Poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA), 41 Poly(DL-lactic acid) (PDLLA), 42 Polyester amides, 18 Polyester-based networks, 58-60 Polyester carbonates, 18 Polyester-ether block copolymers, 20 Polyester-ethers, 26... 

Polyester-6/oe/ -polycarbonate, 7 646 Polyester bottles, recycling, 20 54-56 Polyester can coatings, 13 39 Polyester carbonates, 19 822 Polyester-carboxyl powder coatings 1998 production, 7 49 Polyester composites, cross-linked, 20 114 Polyester composition, determining, 20 21 Polyester diols, 25 476... 

BAK, Bioceta, Biomax, Bionelle, Biopol, Cortec, CPLA, Easter Bio, Ecoflex, Mater-Bi, Metabolix, Nature Works PLA, Nodax, PEC (polyester carbonate), PLA, Sky Green BDP... 

GE introduced, in 2000, a new polyester carbonate based on resorcinol arylates called W-4. It is now marketed as Sollx. Sollx does not need to be painted, it offers good weather, chip, scratch, and chemical resistance and is being used as the fenders for the new Segway Human Transporter. It is also aimed at automotive uses including body panels. Sollx is coextruded into two layers clear and colored, to simulate automotive paint. It is then thermoformed and molded into the finished product. 

Polyester [63745-01-7] Polyester [82690-14-0] Polyester blends Polyester carbonates Polyester containers... 

Polyester carbonates can be prepared by the copolymerization of BPA with diacyl chlorides, leading to high heat materials with T -TOO C. 

A sample calculation for a generic polyester carbonate (Figure 16.7) [29] with corresponding group contributions (Table 16.2) illustrates how the deterministic and statistical models were used to screen for flammability. 

FIG U RE 16.7 Polyester carbonate structure used for sample calculations to demonstrate how the model was used to predict flammability. 

Table 16.3 contains the MCC results for a commercial transparent polyphenylsulfone polymer and three colors of the polyester carbonate polymer developed in this study based on the three-dimensional flammability criterion. The probabilistic analysis for these polymers using HRC as the sole explanatory variable (Equation 16.4) suggests that the PPSU (clear) has pNB = 0.18 0.14, i.e., an 18% 14% chance of passing the pHRR requirement of 14 CFR 25 while the clear, gray and white grades of the polyester carbonate have a 41%, 29%, and 22% ( 14%) chance of passing 14 CFR 25, respectively. The average... 

Japan s Mitsubishi Gas Chemical (MGC) also offers a biodegradable version of polycarbonate termed polyester carbonate (PEC). It has a melting point of 110 °C and stiffness-toughness balance comparable to PP homopolymer. MGC s PEC reportedly is used in a new portable tape-cassette player introduced by Sony Corp. 

Sinicropi et al. (1996a) measured hole mobilities of ENA-B doped into a series of polymers poly(styrene) (P-1), bisphenol-A polycarbonate (P-2), pofy(4,4 -isopropylidene bisphenylene-co-4,4 -hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis-phenylene (50/50) terephthalate-co-azelate (65/35) (P-3), poly(4,4 -(2-norbotyli-dene)diphenylene terephthalate-co-azelate (40/60) (P-4), a phosgene-based polyester carbonate (P-5), and poly(vinyl butyral) (P-6). The ENA-B concentrations were 45%. Figure 64 shows the room temperature field dependencies. The mobilities vary by over four orders of magnitude. The field and temperature dependencies were described as log/i fiEl/2 and -(TJT)2. Table S summarizes the results. 

A number of thermotropic polyester-carbonates were prepared through melt-polymerization of substituted hydroquinones and diphenyl tere-phthalate and diphenyl carbonate to have high molecular weight, with reduced viscosity in the range of 2-3. The molecular weights of the polymers can be advanced further by solid state heat-treatment, with the rate of postpolymerization depending on temperature and Concentration of catalyst. Samples of some compositions can be spun into high performance fibers and processed into self-reinforced plastics. The properties of thermotropic polyester-carbonates and polyesters were compared as fibers and plastics. 

The objectives of this paper are to disclose the less explored thermotropic polyester-carbonates and to demonstrate the nature of heat-treatment of the thermotropic polymers using polyester-carbonates as examples. In addition, the properties of thermotropic polyesters and polyester-carbonates as fibers and plastics are compared. 

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