Acquisition-Electronic Systems

The only real disadvantage to a remote system is the problem of a dense signal load on the data highway. Problems also occur with noise, hardware compatibility, and software compatibility. All of these affect system reliability. One solution is to provide a redundant highway. This means more wires, but it is the selected solution to several current systems. 

Major factors in selecting a remote system are the distance and the amount of input/output signals to the central computer. A specific distance has not been determined by most engineers whereby a remote system should be selected over a combined computer and data acquisition system. However, the trend appears to be toward more control loops which favor a remote computer with local data acquisition. 

Low-level input sensors such as thermocouples, turbine meters, speed transmitters and a number of process analyzers complicate system selection. Signal conditioning equipment is required for low-level inputs to both the back-up system and computer data acquisition systems. If the system is to be installed as an intrinsically safe system, multiple grounding requirements conforming to intrinsic safety grounding must be referenced to the same safety ground to avoid multiple ground problems. 

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The data acquisition (DAQ) and instrument control element is an autonomous electronic system that provides several important capabilities including ... 

Figure 3. Schematic of turbulent combustor geometry and optical data acquisition system for vibrational Raman-scattering temperature measurements using SAS intensity ratios. Also shown are sketches of the expected Raman contours viewed by each of the photomultiplier detectors, the temperature calibration curve, and several expected pdf s of temperature at different flame radial positions. The actual SAS temperature calibration curve was calculated theoretically to within a constant factor. This constant, which accounted for the optical and electronic system sensitivities, was determined experimentally by means of SAS measurements made on a premixed laminar flame of known temperature. Measurements of Ne concentration were made also with this apparatus, based on the integrated Stokes vibrational Q-branch intensities. These signals were related to gas densities by calibration against ambient air signals.

Apart from the data acquisition (DAQ) system taking data since November 2003 the collaboration decided to build a Flash-ADC (FADC) based DAQ system for the Grande array. This system will sample the full pulse shape created by the photomultiplier tubes. Having the complete pulse shape recorded a correction for noise in order to improve the data quality is possible and new shower observables to be used in the analysis can be derived. In particular an intrinsic electron to muon separation at individual detector stations will be possible. Since the data will be transmitted optically, it will be resistant against pickup noise. 

Increasingly the senior technicians function as supervisors for computer control systems such as Distributed Control Systems (DCS) or Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA). These technicians need procedures that help them work with the electronic interface, generally as troubleshooters for when the electronic systems go awry, or for when the control systems fail. 

This describes the deviation of the baseline and appears in the data acquisition as a slope (Fig. 6.3). Drift is normal when the detector is switched on. However, as soon as the electronic system and the lamps have reached their normal operating temperature, the baseline will be stable unless drift is produced by one of the following ... 

The optical fiber radiation probe system (OFPS) is used to verify irradiated bundles in the spent fuel bay of CANDU stations (Rim et al. 2006). The OFPS consists of a scanning actuator, an optical fiber scintillator coupled to a flexible optical liber, data acquisition electronics, and a PC. 

Minimal system requirements are a GC equipped with electronic pneumatic control (EPC), off-the-shelf capillary columns, split/splitless or on-column inlets, standard detectors optimized for capillary columns, and a fast acquisition data system. At any time, users can switch from fast GC back to the original method without major difficulties, or optimize new methods to meet new analytical demands. 

Automatic Isotope Identification. The ability of computers to store large amounts of data has led to the compilation of libraries of data (from which the published tabulations are derived—see p. 81). Dooley et al. and Dams and Adams have reported the use of such library data for the automatic identification of the isotopes represented by a composite y-ray spectrum on the basis of y-ray energy and intensity and half-life estimate. Comparison of the experimental data with the library data yields isotope assignments to each peak in the spectrum. The combination of identification program with a suitable data acquisition system and spectrum analysis program provides the ultimate ideal of the total analysis system. However, the complete link-up involves many practical considerations such as standardization of irradiation and counting conditions and stabilization of the electronic systems. 

Then the sampled data is multiplexed onto a higher speed bus for the data acquisition system. The multiplexed bus, OUTD in the example, generally has a latch. This is used to provide stable data on the active edge of the system pixel clock. Almost all systems use the rising edge of the system pixel clock to latch the digital data to the acquisition electronics. If you examine OUTD closely, you will notice that the pixel... 

Measurement Systems Data Acquisition Electronics and Software... 

Therefore it is reasonable to prepare already the data acquisition for a three dimensional evaluation in cone-beam-technique by means of two-dimensional detectors. The system is already prepared to integrate a second detector- system for this purpose. An array of up to four flat panel detectors is foreseen. The detector- elements are based on amorphous silicon. Because of the high photon energy and the high dose rates special attention was necessary to protect the read-out electronics. Details of the detector arrangement and the software for reconstruction, visualisation and comparison between the CT results and CAD data are part of a separate paper during this conference [2]. 

The principle of the acquisition system is to translate the probe into a tube (including hemispherical drilled holes) step by step, every 0.04 mm, after a forwards and backwards 360 rotation of the tube trigging every 0.2° angular step a 360° electronic scanning of tube with the 160 acoustic apertures. During the electronic scanning the tube is assumed to stay at the same place. The acquisition lasts about 30 minutes for a C-scan acquisition with a 14 kHz recurrence frequency. 

The ion detection system consists of a high-gain electron multiplier and the signal digitizing system, along with a computer for data acquisition and manipulation. 

To date, the usual way of recording the LEED pattern is a light-sensitive video camera with a suitable image-processing system. In older systems movable Earaday cups (EC) were used which detected the electron current directly. Because of long data acquisition times and the problems of transferring motion into UHV, these systems are mostly out of use nowadays. 

Analyzers especially equipped to handle noise are required for most industrial applications. There are at least three commercially available microprocessor-based analyzers capable of acquiring data below 600 cpm. These systems use special filters and data-acquisition techniques to separate real vibration frequencies from electronic... 

See also Oxidation, Reduction). Some dissolved substances in water occur either in an oxidized or a reduced form, and their state can be changed by either the acquisition of electrons (reduction) or the loss of electrons (oxidation). This transfer system is an reduction-oxidation system, or redox. (Red. - Oxid. n+ = ne—, where n is number of electrons involved), and can be used to measure and... 

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