Acid accumulation

Earlier reports have indicated that esters can form before significant amounts of acids accumulate (16). The Bayer-ViUiger oxidations of ketones with intermediate hydroperoxides and/or peracids have been suggested as ester forming mechanisms (34,56). However, the reactions of simple aUphatic ketones with peracetic acid are probably too slow to support this mechanism (57,58). Very early proposals for ester formation, although imaginative, appear improbable (59). 

For each of the following enzymes in A. rtiger, select metabolites from the list provided that either inhibit or stimulate activity during a) balanced growth and b) during dtric acid accumulation (caused by Mn2 defidency). 

Gout is a form of arthritis in which uric acid accumulates in increased amounts in the blood and often is deposited in the joints. The deposit or collection of urate crystals in the joints causes the symptoms (pain, redness, swelling, joint deformity). 

Sahlin, K., Edstrom, L., Sjoholm, H., Hultman, E. (1981). Effects of lactic acid accumulation and ATP decrease on muscle tension and relaxation. Am. J. Physiol. 240, C121-C126. 

Quarrie, S.A. (1981). Genetic variability and heritability of drought-induced abscisic acid accumulation in spring wheat. Plant, Cell Environment, 4,147-51. 

Cornish, K. and Zeevaart, J.A.D. (1985). Abscisic acid accumulation by roots of Xanthium strumarium L. and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, in relation to water stress. Plant Physiology, 79, 653-8. 

Radin, J.W., Parker, L.L. Guinn, G. (1982). Water relations of cotton plants under nitrogen deficiency. V. Environmental control of abscisic acid accumulation and stomatal sensitivity to abscisic acid. Plant Physiology, 70, 1066-70. 

Abscisic acid accumulation during drought Water-use efficiency -1- Innes et al., 1984... 

Innes, P., Blackwell, R.D. Quarrie, S.A. (1984). Some effects of genetic variation in drought induced abscisic acid accumulation on the yield and water use of spring wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, 102, 341-51. 

Henson, I.E. Quarrie, S. A. (1981). Abscisic acid accumulation in detached cereal leaves in response to water stress. Zeitschriftfur Pflanzenphysiologie, 101,431-8. 

The free fatty acids formed by lipolysis can be reconverted in the tissue to acyl-CoA by acyl-CoA synthetase and reesterified with glycerol 3-phosphate to form triacylglycerol. Thus, there is a continuous cycle of lipolysis and reesterification within the tissue. However, when the rate of reesterification is not sufficient to match the rate of lipolysis, free fatty acids accumulate and diffuse into the plasma, where they bind to albumin and raise the concentration of plasma free fatty acids. 

Hajjaj, H. et al.. Kinetic analysis of red pigment and citrinin production by Monascus ruber as a function of organic acid accumulation, Enz. Microb. Technol, 27, 619, 2000. 

The carboxylafion of indole into indole-3-carboxylate was observed by the purified indole-3-carboxylate decarboxylase as well as by the whole cells. For the carboxylafion reaction, temperatures over 30°C were not appropriate. The activities at 10, 20, and 30°C were about the same. The activity was maximal at pH 8.0 (Tris-HCl buffer, 100 mM). As shown in Fig. 10, the resting cells of A. nicotianae F11612 also catalyzed the carboxylafion of indole efficiently in the reaction mixture containing 20 mM indole, 3M KHCO3, 100mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) in a tightly closed reaction vessel. By 6h, 6.81 mM indole-3-carboxylic acid accumulated in the reaction mixture with a molar conversion yield of 34%. Compared to the carhoxylation of pyrrole by pyrrole-2-carboxylate decarboxylase, the lower value compared might derive from the lower solubility of indole in the reaction mixture. 

A rather satisfactory explanation of the irreversibility of amino acid accumulation in yeast cells is that it might result from specific regulatory mechanisms capable of immobilizing the transporters in a closed position. Uptake of amino acids by a number of permeases does indeed appear to be regulated by specific, and possibly allosteric, feedback inhibition. This idea is based on the fact that a number of transport systems seem to be specifically inhibited by their internally accumulated... 

CotteriU, L.A., Gower, J.D., FuUer, B.J. and Green, C.J. (1989c). Free fatty acid accumulation foUowingcold ischaemia in rabbit kidneys and the involvement of a calcium dependent phospholipase A2. Cryolett. 11, 3-12. 

T. Shepherd and H. V. Davies, Effect of exogenous amino acids, glucose and citric-acid on the patterns of short-term amino acid accumulation and loss of amino acids in the root-zone of sand-cultured forage rape (Bras.sica napiis L.). Plant Soil 158 111 (1994). 

The use of LDL and other lipoproteins in drug targeting has been reviewed [170,172], Damle et al. [173] have shown that radiopharmaceuticals, such as iopanoic acid, a cholecystographic agent, could be incorporated in chylomicron remnants by esterification with cholesterol and used for liver imaging. About 87% of the chylomicron remnant-loaded iopanoic acid accumulated in the liver within 0.5 hour after administration, compared with 31% accumulated using a... 

Kostic, D. et al. (1995). Intestinal absorption, serum clearance, and interactions between lutein and beta-carotene when administered to human adults in separate or combined oral doses. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62 604—610. Kuo, S. M. et al. (2001). Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers inhibit ascorbic acid accumulation in human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Life Sci. 68(15) 1751-1760. 

Agusti, J., M. Zapater et al. (2007). Differential expression of putative 9-cw-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases and abscisic acid accumulation in water stressed vegetative and reproductive tissues of citrus. Plant Sci. 172(1) 85-94. 

An especially cogent argument for the acetaldehyde theory is the fact that considerable amounts of pyruvic acid accumulate in the organism... 

Jiang, M. and Zhang, J. (2002). Water stress-induced abscisic acid accumulation triggers the increased generation of reactive oxygen species and up-regulates the activities of antioxidant enzymes in maize leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany 53 2401-2410. 

Reactive Black 5 and Direct Brown 2 Granulated anaerobic sludge mixed culture Decolorization and substrate removal were achieved under test conditions but ultimate removal of azo dyes and substrate were not observed at high dye concentrations. Aromatic amine and volatile fatty acid accumulation observed proportionally at higher azo dye concentration [135]... 

The first experiments implicating a role for PLD activity in neutrophil function were performed by Cockcroft and colleagues (Cockcroft Stutchfield, 1989 Cockcroft, 1992) who measured phosphatidic acid accumulation in cells whose membrane phospholipids or ATP were radiolabelled. These experiments showed that phosphatidic acid accumulation during cell activation did not derive from DAG, but rather was directly generated from a phospholipid. Phosphatidic acid production from DAG (generated by PLC)... 

According to the EDP, a full-scale SILVER II plant at Blue Grass would include an evaporator circuit to reduce the volume of waste that arises from metals and mineral acids accumulated in the IRS. (See Figure 3-2 for the location of the evaporator in the IRS.) This test program investigated evaporator operation and selected suitable materials of construction (AEA, 2001o). Specific objectives were as follows ... 

Rodriguez de Turco EB, Droy-Lefaix MT, Bazan NG. (1993). Decreased electroconvulsive shock-induced diacylglycerols and free fatty acid accumulation in the rat brain by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) selective effect in hippocampus as compared with cerebral cortex. J Neurochem. 61(4) 1438-44. 

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