Reactive Black

Blown and black dyes are generally disazo with exceptions for metallized or polycyclic stmctuies (7). Two disazo dyes are Reactive Brown 11 [70161-17-0] (26) and Reactive Black 5 [17095-24-8] Cl 20505) (27). 

For the sonochemical mineralization of reactive dye Cl Reactive Black 5 with 20, 279 and 817 kHz irradiation, the discoloration and radical formation both are directly dependent upon ultrasonic frequency, acoustic power and irradiation time and indirectly on the number of free radicals thus generated, as their suppression decreased the discoloration rate due to radical scavenging effect. Although ultrasound alone is capable of decolorizing Reactive Black 5 but inefficient in mineralization as only 50% degradation was observed after 6 h of ultrasonic irradiation [121]. The sonochemical... 

Vajnhandl S, Marechal AML (2007) Case study of the sonochemical decolouration of textile azo dye Reactive Black 5. J Hazard Mater 141 329-335... 

A mixture of Cr3+ and Co3+ is sometimes used to obtain the desired properties. The dye Cl Reactive Black 1 (31) is a good example. 

For textile ink jet printing, conventional 2 1 Cr3+/Co3+ azo dye complex blacks are used, such as Cl Reactive Black 8 (S8).46... 

Aeromonas, Reactive Black 5, Treatment times required by [40, 41]... 

Klabisiella sp. VN-31 Reactive Yellow 107, Reactive Red 198, Reactive Black 5, Direct Blue 71 Monoazo dyes RY107 and RR 198 were decolorized in 72 and 96 h the diazo dyes (RB5 and triazodye DB71) decolorized in 120 and 168 h [39]... 

Not known Reactive Black 5, Reactive Yellow 145 Pseudomonas fluorescens [4]... 

Sludge Reactive Black 5, Direct Brown 2, glucose Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp. [135]... 

Reactive Black Shewanella activated sludge were able to ... 

Reactive Black culture decolorization of the tested dyes ... 

Orange II and other azo dyes Biodigester sludge from municipal waste plant augmented with sulfate reducing consortium The dye was decolorized by 95% within 24 h. Several other dyes including Reactive Black 5 and Reactive Red 120 and mixture of dyes were successfully degraded T[185]... 

Reactive Black 5 Activated sludge batch reactor Color removal occurred under anaerobic environment, while a slight attenuation was noticed under the aerobic condition [136]... 

Reactive Black 5 and Direct Brown 2 Granulated anaerobic sludge mixed culture Decolorization and substrate removal were achieved under test conditions but ultimate removal of azo dyes and substrate were not observed at high dye concentrations. Aromatic amine and volatile fatty acid accumulation observed proportionally at higher azo dye concentration [135]... 

Fig. 3 Decolorization of Reactive Black-5 by activated sludge after augmentation with Shewanella putrefaciens AS96 Source [40,41]...

Lucas MS, Amaral C, Sampaio A, Peres JA, Dias AA (2006) Biodegradation of the diazo dye Reactive Black 5 by a wild isolate of Candida oleophila. Enzyme Microbial Technol 39 51-55... 

Wang X, Cheng X, Sun D, Hong Q (2008) Biodecolorization and partial mineralization of Reactive black 5 by a strain of Rhodopseudomonas palustris. J Env Sci 20 1218-1225... 

The color index (Cl) number, developed by the society of dyers and colorists, is used for dye classification. Once the chemical structure of a dye is known, a fivedigit Cl number is assigned to it. The first word is the dye classification and the second word is the hue or shade of the dye. For example, Cl Acid Yellow 36 (Cl 13065) is a yellow dye of the acid type. Additionally, a dye mixture may consist of several dyes for example, Navy 106 is composed of three reactive azo dyes remazol black B (Reactive Black 5), Remazol Red RB (Reactive Red 198), and Remazol Golden Yellow 3. 

Zille A, Tzanov T, Gubitz GM et al (2003) Immobilized laccase for decolorization of reactive black 5 dyeing effluent. Biotechnol Lett 25 1473-1477... 

Pseudomonas st.s Acid violet 7 Acid red 151 Reactive black 5 Acid yellow 34 Flask Batch... 

Consortium Reactive black 5 direct brown 2 Shaked bottles Batch... 

Pseudomonas luteola, modified E.coli Reactive black b Flask Batch Aerobic growth, anaerobic conv. F 0-1,500 15-50 4-10... 

Reactive black 5 Direct brown 2 Consortium - B rdye = 1.2 x I0 3 DyeL rdye = 6.8 x 10 4 DyeL... 

Reactive black b Escherichia coli N03, F Escherichia coli CY1, F cdye = 1-7 DyeL/(263 + DyeL) rdye = 0.8 Dyei/( 1,279 + DyeL)... 

Isik M, Sponza DT (2004) A batch kinetic study on decolorization and inhibition of Reactive Black 5 and Direct Brown 2 in an anaerobic mixed culture. Chemosphere 55 119-128... 

Reactive Black 5, Naphthol Blue Black, Chicago Sky Blue ... 

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