Accumulation of amino acids

Stewart, G.R. Larher, F. (1981). The accumulation of amino acids and related compounds in relation to environmental stress. In Biochemistry of Plants, Vol. V, ed. B.J. Miflin, pp. 609-35. London Academie Press. 

Table 3.1.1 Disorders of organic acid metabolism (in alphabetical order). This table does not include disorders with primary accumulation of amino acids, disorders of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, or primary lactic acidemias. Co A Coenzyme A, FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide...

Thomas, J. D., and P. Eaton. 1996. The accumulation of amino-acids and humic substances in media conditioned by axenic and non-axenic duckweed (Lemna minor L.) and their possible ecological significance. Hydrobiologia 333 121-128. 

It is now eight decades since experimental evidence was obtained that mammalian cells are capable of extensive accumulation of amino acids (Van Slyke and Meyer, 1913). Shortly thereafter it became apparent that many other low molecular weight solutes were also accumulated in a variety of tissues. However, another 50 years were to pass before the mechanism of energy transduction between primary metabolic events and osmotic work was recognized and accepted. 

In summary, during protein evolution at different temperatures, selection favors the accumulation of amino acid substitutions whose effects are manifested by adaptive changes in stability and kinetic properties. Of overarching importance is the maintenance of the geometry... 

Incubation at 37° in presence of glucose. Curves 4, 5, and 6 show relatively low accumulation of amino acids in absence of glucose. Detailed experimental procedures (27)... 

R4. Ransom, J. T., and Reeves, J. P., Accumulation of amino acids within intracellular lysosomes of rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes incubated with amino acid methyl esters. Evidence for the internal acidification of azurophilic granules. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 9270-9275 (1983). 

Insulin stimulates protein biosynthesis by a mechanism which is not directly dependent upon its action in stimulating the uptake and accumulation of amino acids by the cells. Insulin increases the incorporation of amino acids into the protein of a number of tissues, an effect which is dependent on the presence of glucose. 

The first step in protein metabolism in muscle is the uptake of amino acids from the blood by the fibers, via the extracellular space. Experiments with injected amino acids and with isolated muscle preparations by many workers have demonstrated that muscle fibers can accumulate amino acids from the medium. Experiments with a-aminoisobutyric acid, a nonmetabolizable amino acid, have been particularly useful in enabling accumulation to be studied independently of incorporation of the amino acid into protein. An increased accumulation of amino acids has been observed in the dystrophic mouse (B3), in vitamin E deficiency (D4), and in denervated muscle (D4). The authors of the last-mentioned observation concluded from their evidence that the increased accumulation was associated with increased active transport into the muscle cells, not with a change in passive permeability of the membranes. Nichoalds et al. (Nl) found that puromycin, which abolished protein synthesis, had no effect upon the accumulation of glycine- C by control or vitamin E-deficient muscle. More recently, Goldberg and Goodman (G4) observed a decrease in the accumulation of a-aminoisobutyric acid by soleus and plantaris muscles within 3 hours of denervation subsequently. 

Sherman, I. W., Virkar, R. A., and Ruble, J. A. (1967). The accumulation of amino acids by Plasmodium iophurae (avian malaria). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 23, 43-57. 

Ruland, A. and Kreuter, J. (1991). Transdermal permeability and skin accumulation of amino acids. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 72 149-155. 

Accumulations of Amino-acids in the Course of Peptic, Tryptic, AND Ereitic Digestions. 

Accumulation of Amino Acids and Related Compounds in Relation to Environmental Stress... 

Dalgarno, L., and F. R. J. Hird Increase in the process of accumulation of amino acids in carrot slices with prolonged aerobic washing. Biochem. J. 76, 209 (1960). 

Several metabolic blocks could account for the biochemical distortion observed in maple syrup disease. A deficiency in amino oxidase could lead to accumulation of amino acids. Because the enzyme has such a broad specificity, whenever it is completely deleted a more complex aminoaciduria can be expected to develop. The deletion of a specific transaminase could hardly explain the keto acid accumulation. Therefore, it seems more likely that the metabolic block involves a step between the keto acid and the simple acids, possibly the oxidative decarboxylation of the keto acid. This reaction requires coenzyme A, NAD, lipoic acid, and thiamine pyrophosphate, and it was described in some detail in the chapter devoted to the bioenergetic pathways. Leukocytes of at least some patients with maple syrup disease have been shown to contain normal transaminase activity but are defective in the oxidative decarboxylase. 

This involves the engineering of endpoint or branch point enzymes in the amino acid biosynthetic pathway leading to the accumulation of amino acids of interest. Feedback resistance of enzymes also led to amino acid overproduction. Amplification of rate-limiting enzymes has led to the increase in phenylalanine production. Engineering the branch point enzymes has led to the conversion of tryptophan to tyrosine or phenylalanine. 

Riboflavin deficiency will lead to accumulation of amino acids. A specific deficiency symptom is the decrease of glutathione reductase activity in red blood cells. 

Early experiments by Borchers (1965) indicated that the supplementation with 1 g of thymol per 1 L of ruminal fluid in the presence of casein causes accumulation of amino acids and a decrease in the concentration of ammonia nitrogen, which snggests that amino acid deamination is hindered by ruminal bacteria. Broderick and Balthrop (1979) in their research conflrmed the inhibition of amino acid deamination resulting from the thymol supplementation. 

P. (2011) Accumulation of amino acids deriving from pyruvate in Escherichia coli W3110 during fed-batch cultivation in a two-compartment scale-down bioreactor. Adv. Biosci. Biotechnol, 2 (5), 336-339. 

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