Xanthium strumarium

Sharkey, T.D. Badger, M.R. (1982). Effects of water stress on photosynthetic electron transport, photophosphorylation and metabolite levels of Xanthium strumarium mesophyll cells. Planta, 156, 199-206. 

Cornish, K. and Zeevaart, J.A.D. (1985). Abscisic acid accumulation by roots of Xanthium strumarium L. and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, in relation to water stress. Plant Physiology, 79, 653-8. 

An interesting feature of this list is that some of our most troublesome and difficult to control weeds are not suspected allelopathics. Many weeds, such as morningglory (Ipomoea spp.), cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.), and sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), which make almost all lists of serious weed species, are strong competitors with little or no evidence of allelopathic activity. In fact, cocklebur is probably the epitome of what a competitor can be, being even more devastating than... 

Barrentine, W.L. and J.A. Kendig (1995). Identification and characterization of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotypes resistant to the ALS/AHAS inhibiting herbicides. Proceedings of South Weed Science Society, 173. 

Kendig, J.A. and W.L. Barrentine (1995). Identification of ALS-cross-resistant common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) in the midsouth. Proceeddings South Weed Science Society p. 173. 

Sprague, C.L., E.W. Stoller, and L.M. Wax (1997a). Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) resistance to selected ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Weed Technol., 11 241-247. 

Tierney, M.J. and R.E. Talbert (1996). Competition of herbicide-resistant and -susceptible common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotypes. Proceedings South Weed Science Society, p. 147. 

Silene alba (Mill.) E.H. Krause or Melandrium album (Mill.) Garcke Xanthium strumarium L. 

Insignificant amounts of DPA were detected in leaves of Xanthium strumarium (51). This raises the possibility that in some plants conversion of PA to DPA is not the principal metabolic route for PA degradation. 

Figure 5. Accumulation of abscisic acid in detached mature leaves of Xanthium strumarium after the fresh weight had been reduced by 10%...

Control of problem broad leaved weeds including Xanthium strumarium, Chenopodium album, Ambrosia artemisifolia, Datura stramonium, Amarnthus sp.,... 

Post-emergence control of broad-leaved weeds e.g., Abutilon theophrasti, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus, Xanthium strumarium in maize and soyabeans... 

Various studies have also been reported on sesquiterpenoid lactones in Xanthium strumarium and Vemonia species,452,453 diterpenoids of Isodon species,454 and triterpenoids in Lycopodium species.455 Analyses of the carotenoids of Medicago species and of berries from a range of sources reinforce previously held views that the distribution of carotenoids in these sources has no taxonomic significance.456,457 Although most higher plants that have been investigated do not retain the capacity to biosynthesize the normal pattern of terpenoids when in tissue culture, it has been reported that Ruta graveolens did retain this ability.458... 

Examples of other antibacterial crude extracts from the Anthemideae tribe also included methanol extracts of the leaves of Tagetes terniflora Kunth [39], the benzene fraction of Vernonia cinerea L. which exhibited a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [40], Aster ageratoides Turcz. [41] and Xanthium strumarium L. extracts which were active against several strains of bacteria, yeasts and fungi [42]. 

The methanol extract of the campsite plant Xanthium strumarium (Cocklebur) displayed antimicrobial activity against Proteus vulgaris. Staphylococcus aureus. Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Candida pseudotropicalis [170]. This activity was attributable to the presence of the sesquiterpene xanthanol. 

Significant activity of the total lipid fraction of Carthamus lanatus was found against Staphylococcus aureus [249]. The lipid composition was examined and almost equal amounts of triacylglycerols, digalactosyl diacylglycerols and phospholipids were determined. Examples of other antimicrobial lipids from the Anthemideae tribe also included Xanthium strumarium lipids [250], and glyceroglycolipids from Serratula... 

In soils without a history of EPTC or butylate use, R251005 increased velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.), common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.), and Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum L.) control compared to EPTC alone (Table XI). In an EPTC history soil, Texas panicum (Panicum texanum L.) control was also increased (Table XI). 

Crops Zm, Zea mays Gly, Glycine max Gos, Gossypium hirsutum. Weeds . Ech, Echinochloa crus aUi Ahu, Abutilon theophrasti Ipo, Ipomoea lacunosa, Xan, Xanthium strumarium. 

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