Fatty acid accumulation

The free fatty acids formed by lipolysis can be reconverted in the tissue to acyl-CoA by acyl-CoA synthetase and reesterified with glycerol 3-phosphate to form triacylglycerol. Thus, there is a continuous cycle of lipolysis and reesterification within the tissue. However, when the rate of reesterification is not sufficient to match the rate of lipolysis, free fatty acids accumulate and diffuse into the plasma, where they bind to albumin and raise the concentration of plasma free fatty acids. 

CotteriU, L.A., Gower, J.D., FuUer, B.J. and Green, C.J. (1989c). Free fatty acid accumulation foUowingcold ischaemia in rabbit kidneys and the involvement of a calcium dependent phospholipase A2. Cryolett. 11, 3-12. 

Reactive Black 5 and Direct Brown 2 Granulated anaerobic sludge mixed culture Decolorization and substrate removal were achieved under test conditions but ultimate removal of azo dyes and substrate were not observed at high dye concentrations. Aromatic amine and volatile fatty acid accumulation observed proportionally at higher azo dye concentration [135]... 

Rodriguez de Turco EB, Droy-Lefaix MT, Bazan NG. (1993). Decreased electroconvulsive shock-induced diacylglycerols and free fatty acid accumulation in the rat brain by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) selective effect in hippocampus as compared with cerebral cortex. J Neurochem. 61(4) 1438-44. 

Vitamin B1 is required in humans for two essential enzymatic reactions Ihe synthesis of methionine and the isomerization of methylmalonyl CcA that is produced during the degradation of some amino acids, and fatly acids with odd numbers of carbon atoms (Figure 28.5). When the vitamin is deficient, abnormal fatty acids accumulate and become incorporated into cell membranes, including those of the nervous system. This may account for some of the neurologic manifestations of vitamin P12 deficiency. 

Carbon tetrachloride has long been known to cause fatty acid accumulation and hepatic necrosis. Extraction of a chlorine atom by CYP from carbon tetrachloride results in... 

Paintlia AS, Gilg AG, Khan M, et al. Correlation of very long chain fatty acids accumulation and inflammatory disease progression in childhood ALD implications for potential therapies. Neu-robiol Dis 14 425-439, 2003. 

A. Carnitine is required for the transport of fatty acids into mitochondria where they undergo 3-oxidation. If carnitine is deficient, fatty acids accumulate. 

Several human genetic diseases are associated with defective ABC proteins. X-llnked adrenoleukodys-trophy (ALD), for Instance, is characterized by a defective ABC transport protein (ABCDl) that is localized to peroxisomal membranes. This protein normally regulates Import of very long chain fatty acids into peroxisomes, where they undergo oxidation in its absence these fatty acids accumulate in the cytosol and cause cellular damage. Tanglers disease is marked by a deficiency of the plasma-membrane ABC protein (ABCAl) that transports phospholipids and possibly cholesterol (Chapter 18). 

The fatty acid binding protein (AFABP/aP2) facilitates the intracellular solubilization and diffusion of fatty acids produced by lipolysis. The N-terminal domain of HSL is a docking site for interaction with AFABP/aP2. AFABP/aP2 stimulates the activity of HSL in vitro by relieving product inhibition by fatty acids, however, this activity seems to be independent of the interaction between AFABP/aP2 and HSL. The AFABP/aP2 may also shuttle fatty acids produced by ATGL or the monoacylglycerol lipase as well, but there is no evidence for physical association with these enzymes. Consistent with the maiel of AFABP/aP2 as a fatty acid shuttle facilitating efflux, AFABP/aP2 null mice exhibit reduced lipolysis while fatty acids accumulate intracellularly (D.A. Bemlohr, 1999). 

Glucagon and epinephrine cause fat breakdown - leads to fatty acid accumulation... 

NADH is also a product inhibitor of enzymes in the pathway that oxidizes fatty acids. Consequently, these fatty acids accumulate in the liver, eventually contributing to the alcoholic fatty liver. 

Cahoon, E.B., Dietrich, C.R., Meyer, K., Damude, H.G., Dyer, J.M., and Kinney, A.J. Conjugated fatty acids accumulate to high levels in phospholipids of metabolically engineered soybean and Arabidopsis seeds. Phytochemistry 67, 1166-1176, 2006. 

Lu, C., Fulda, M., Wallis, J.G., and Browse, J. A high-throughput screen for genes from castor that boost hydroxy fatty acid accumulation in seed oils of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Journal 45, 847-856, 2006. 

Since the general problem has largely become one in which the level of lipid-soluble autoxidizable material in the tissues is paramount in practical importance, more attention has been paid to the factors which affect tissue autoxidizability. In animals, as indicated above, attempts are being made to relate the rate at which polyunsaturated fatty acids accumulate in the various tissues. In man, one is practically limited to examination of the components of plasma, erythrocytes, and depot fat samples if multiple examinations of large groups are to be made. 

Dybing C, Zimmerman D (1966) Fatty acid accumulation in maturing flaxseeds as influenced by environment. Plant Physiol 41(9) 1465-1470... 

However, there are disadvantages. The yield of biogas production varies due to the composition of food waste and retention time. Highest methane yields are found to be with excess of lipids and longest retention time while there are inhibitoiy effects likely to occur with excess of lipid and proteins due to the volatile fatty acid accumulation and ammonium nitrogen. Besides, there is extra attention and precaution for the leakage of CH4, extra cost of maintenance and air pollution control measures are needed. 

Qadir, G., Ahmad, S., Ul-Hassan, F. and Cheema, M. A. 2006. Oil and fatty acid accumulation in sunflower as influenced by temperature variation. Pakistan Journal of Botany 38 1137-1147. 

Li, R.Z., Yu, K.S. and Hildebrand, D.F. 2010. DGATl, DGAT2 and PDATexpression in seeds and other tissues of epoxy and hydroxy fatty acid accumulating plants. Lipids. 45 145-157. 

Lei A, Chen H, Shen G, Hu Z, (Then L, Wang J (2012) Expression of fatty acid synthesis genes and fatty acid accumulation in Haematococcus pluvialis under different stressors. Bioteehnol Biofuels 5(1) 18. doi 10.1186/1754-6834-5-18... 

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