Willow tree bark extract

Many medicines that we now use and often take for granted were based on the healing properties of plants and other natural sources known to traditional healers. Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, is a chemically modified form of salicylic acid, a chemical extracted in the early 19 century from willow tree bark, which had been known for centuries to reduce fevers. Today, aspirin is chemically... 

In 1763 the use of willow tree bark was reported in more specific terms by Reverend Edward Stone in a lecture to the Royal Society in London. He used its extracts to treat the fever resulting from malaria (then common in Britain there are some marshes in the UK where the malarial mosquito still persists). He also found that it helped with the agues , probably what is now called arthritis. Other common medicines of the time included opium to relieve pain and Peruvian cinchona bark for fevers (it contained quinine). 

One of the first and most useful medicinal chemicals is aspirin (CgHgO ), also known as acetylsalicylic acid. This painkiller was first trademarked and manufactured in 1899, but a precursor to the drug had been extracted from the bark of willow trees by Hippocrates as early as the 5th century b.c. The pharmaceutical industry has since developed an array of products to alleviate aches and pains, yet aspirin is still prominent on the shelves of drugstores. In pharmacies that dispense prescription drugs, an even wider array of chemicals is sold to help those with diseases ranging from high blood pressure to cancer. 

Aspirin Extracted from the bark of willow tree, aspirin was used for the treatment of fever. 

From a synthetic standpoint, a historical landmark, after the discovery of electrophilic substitution in the 1860 s, was the synthesis of aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid. The earliest known use of the drug can be traced back to the Greek physician Hippocrates in the 5 century BC. He used powder extracted from the bark of willow trees to treat pain and reduce fever. Sali-cin, the parent of the salicylate drug family that generates salicylic acid in vivo, was isolated... 

The well-known drug Aspirin can demonstrate the various stages in the life of a drug substance. It was known since ancient times that the bark and leaves of the willow tree can provide relief from pain and fever. In 1832, the German chemist Piria isolated salicylic acid as the active substance in the plant material. Salicylic acid became the lead substance for further development. Soon a synthetic route was developed that replaced the tedious extraction process. Salicylic acid was used as a pain remedy, but because of its high acidity it had severe side effects when applied orally. In 1887, Felix Hoffmann, a chemist at Bayer AG, realized that the ester form of salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, had fewer side effects and was even more efficacious than the free acid. The Bayer Company marketed the ester under the trade name Aspirin, which soon became the number one selling drug worldwide and is still a synonym for pain relief today. 

For centuries, plant extracts have been used for treating ailments. The bark of the willow tree was found to relieve pain and reduce fever. Writing in 1760, Edward Stone, an English naturalist and clergyman, reported excellent results when he used twenty grains of powdered bark dissolved in water and administered every four hours to treat people suffering from an acute, shiver-provoking illness. 

Look carefully at those plants growing in your backyard or neighborhood. With help from scientists, they could save a life. Many of the medicines that doctors prescribe were first developed from plants. For example, aspirin was extracted from the bark of a willow tree. A cancer medication was extracted from the bark of the Pacific yew tree. Aspirin and the cancer medication are now made synthetically—their carbon structures are duplicated in the lab and factory. 

Another active principle soon extracted from plants was salicylic acid. Salicin, extracted from the willow tree, has been launched in 1876 by a Scottish physician, Thomas John McLogan It was in extensive competition with Cinchona bark and quinine and never became a very popular treatment for fever or rheumatic symptoms. The Italian chemist Raffaele Piria, after having isolated salicylalde-hyde (1839) in Spireae species, prepared salicylic acid from salicin in Dumas laboratory in the Sorbonne, Paris. This acid was easier to use and was an ideal step before future syntheses. Its structure was closely related to benzoic acid, an effective preservative useful as an intestinal antiseptic for instance in typhoid fever. Acetylsalicylic acid has been first synthesized by Charles Frederic Gerhardt in 1853 and then, in a purer form, by Johann Kraut (1869). Acetylsalicylic acid synthesis with carbolic acid and carbon dioxide was improved by Hermann Kolbe in1874, but in fact nobody noticed its pharmacological interest. 

No drug is as widely used as aspirin. Observers at least as far back as Hippocrates ( 400 B.C.) have noted the use of extracts from the bark and leaves of the willow tree for pain relief. In 1829, a mixture called salicin was isolated from willow bark. Subsequent analysis identified salicylic acid as the active component of this mixture. Salicylic acid was formerly used to treat pain, but this compound often irritated the stomach. Several investigators... 

Aspirin extracted from bark of willow tree, and used for the... 

In the period from 1828 to 1829, the active ingredient in willow bark was first isolated by three individuals, the German pharmacist Johann Buchner (dates not available), the French chemist Henri Leroux (dates not available), and the the Italian chemist, Raffaele Piria (1815-1865). Buchner gave the name salicin to the bitter-tasting yellow crystals extracted from willow bark after the Latin name for the willow tree, Salix. In 1853, the French chemist Charles Frederick Gerhardt (1816-1857) developed a method for reacting salicylic acid (the active ingredient in salicin) with acetic acid to make the first primitive form of aspirin. 

Salicylic acid is obtained from the bark extract of the willow tree. Fabrics finished with salicylic acid exhibited growth inhibition of Aspergillus repens and to a lesser extent of Aspergillus niger (DIN EN 14119 A2 and B2). 

Willow trees, source of natural salicylates. Extracts from willow bark were known as painkillers in ancient times. Aspirin, first synthesized in the later 1800s, is a derivative of the natural salicylates, but with milder side effects. 

Stearalkonium chloride TEA-sorbate Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) extract Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide Thiabendazole 2,2 -Thiobis (4-chlorophenol) 2,2 -Thiobis (4,6-dichlorophenol) Tormentil (Potentilla erecta) extract Jriacetin Undecylenamide DEA Undecylenamide MEA Undecylenamidopropyl betaine Undecylenamidopropyl trimonium methosulfate Undecyleneth-6 Willow (Salix alba) bark extract Zinc acetate Zinc borate Zinc phenolsulfonate Zinc sulfate Zinc undecylenate... 

Many pharmaceutical products are derived from plants. A well-known example is digitahs, which is derived from the foxglove plant and is used in the treatment of heart conditions. Another example is morphine, which was originally extracted from poppies. Aspirin is derived from salicin, which is present in the bark and leaves of the willow tree. As herbal remedies have become more popular, the manufacture and sale of herbal products including combinations of herbs in tablet or extract forms has increased. Many products are readily available at health food stores and pharmacies. 

Salicylic acid (also called spiric acid, hence the name aspirin [ a for acetyl]) in extracts from the bark of the willow tree or from the meadowsweet plant had been used since ancient times (see Chapter 16 Opening) to treat pain, fever, and swelling. This acid was first isolated in pure... 

The most intensively studied types of (poly)condensation studied before World War 1 were reactions between phenols and aldehydes. The interest in this field of chemistry like the interest in reactions of salicylic acid was partially motivated by the fact that extracts from the bark of willow trees have a pain-stilling effect (what was already known to the ancient Greeks). From willow trees and other plants... 

The extraction process for making the salicin also proved long and tedious and wasteful of trees from 1.5 kg of willow bark only 30 g of salicin could be obtained.3 4 Once the formula was known for salicylic acid, a group of chemists tried to work out how to make it artificially by a less expensive and tedious process. 

Epothilones A and B are promising anticancer agents that bind to microtubules in the cell in the same way that paclitaxel (Taxol) does and are more potent.410 Paclitaxel was obtained first from the bark of the Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia).4n Widespread extraction of the compound from this source could have wiped out the species. Fortunately, it can now be extracted from the needles of more common yews or produced in tissue culture. (See Sec II.C on tissue culture.) Forskolin is a diterpene, from the roots of Coleus forskohlii, that lowers blood pressure.412 Him-bacine, from an Australian pine tree, offers a potential treatment for Alzheimer s disease.413 Combretastatin, from the bark of the African bush willow, Combretum caffrum, cuts the flow of blood to tumors, causing 95% of the cancer cells to die in 24 h, but does not harm healthy blood vessels.414... 

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