Willows

Willow is reputed to have anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, antipyretic, antihidrotic, analgesic, antiseptic, and astringent properties. Traditionally, it is used for muscular and arthrodial rheumatism with inflammation and pain, influenza, respiratory catarrh, gouty arthritis, and other systemic connective tissue disorders characterized by inflammatory changes. 

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CfiHi 05 0 C6H4 CH20H. Colourless, bitter crystals, m.p. 20 PC soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in chloroform. It occurs in the leaves, bark and twigs of species of willow and poplar. On oxidation with dilute nitric acid it is converted into helicin, the glucoside of salicylaldehyde, which has been made the starting point of further syntheses. Gives populin with benzoyl chloride. 

Arabinan. This highly soluble polymer is found in the extracts of many fmits and seeds, in the boiling water extracts of pine wood (127), in the extracts of marshmallow roots (A/t/jaea officina/is) (128), and aspen (63) and willow (Sa/ix a/ba F) (129) bark. Because arabinan can be isolated from mildly degraded pectin fractions, it is often difficult to determine whether it is a hemiceUulose or a labile fragment of a larger polysaccharide and/or lignin complex. Arabinans have a complex stmcture composed almost entirely of 5-linked a-L-arabinofuranosyl units with similar residues linked to them at C-2 and/or C-3 and is soluble in 70% aqueous methanol solution. 

In the 1980s manufacturing capacity for aniline underwent some major changes. It is estimated that aniline capacity utilization was about 50% of nameplate capacity when Aristech s new 91,000 t/yr plant came on stream. That same year American Cyanamid closed its 23,000-t plant at Willow Island, W. Va., and withdrew from the aniline business. Mobay shut down its larger plant (45,000-t) at New Martinsville, W. Va. in 1983 and Du Pont idled its 77,000-tfacihtyinl984. 

Sahcyl alcohol [90-01-7] (saligenin, o-hydroxybenzyl alcohol) crystallizes from water in the form of needles or white rhombic crystals. It occurs in nature as the bitter glycoside, saUcin [138-52-3] which is isolated from the bark of Salix helix S. pentandra S. praecos some other species of willow trees, and the bark of a number of species of poplar trees such as Folpulus balsamifera P. candicans and P. nigra. 

W. White, Observations and Experiments on the Broad-Eeaved Willow Bark, Ha2ard, Bath, U.K., 1798. 

Antoniusfeuer, n. St. Anthony s fire (erysipelas). Antonskraut, n. willow herb (Chamaenerion angusti/olium). 

Reiss-verschluss, m. slide fastener, zipper, -wolf, m. breaker, teaser, willow -wolle, /. reclaimed wool (from old fabrics), -zeug, n. drawing instruments, -zwecke, /. thumbtack. 

Trauer-spiel, n. tragedy, -weide, /. weeping willow. 

Weide,/. willow pasture, pasturage, weiden, v.t.. pasture, feed. 

Weiden-bitter, n. salicin. -geflecht, n. wickerwork. -kohle, /. willow charcoal, weidlich, adv, soundly, thoroly. 

Textiles) willow (Med.) lupus chafing. Wolfram, m, n. tungsten, wolfram wolframite. 

The most common NSAID is aspirin, or acctylsalicvlic acid, whose use goes back to the late 1800s. It had been known from before the time of Hippocrates in 400 bc that fevers could be lowered by chewing the bark of willow trees. The active agent in willow bark was found in 1827 to be an aromatic compound called salicin, which could be converted by reaction with water into sal- icy I alcohol and then oxidized to give salicylic acid. Salicylic acid... 

Willow bark (weidenrinde, white willow, purple osier willow, crack willow) S lixalba, purpurea, fragilis Analgesic Adverse reactions are those associated with the salicylates Do not use with aspirin or other NSAIDs. Do not use in patients with peptic ulcers and other medical conditions in which the salicylates are contraindicated. 

Samuel S. Butcher (retired), PO Box 54, Willow Creek, MT 59760, USA Robert J. Charlson, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351640, Seattle, WA 98195-1640, USA Kurt M. Cuffey, Department of Geography, 501 McCone Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Steven Emerson, School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 357940, Seattle, WA 98195-7940, USA Rolf O. Hallberg, Geologiska Institutionen, Stockholms Universitet, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden... 

No drugs have been a more faithful companion to man throughout his history than salicylates, the forebears of aspirin. About 3,500 years ago the Ebers Papyrus recommended the application of a decoction of leaves of myrtle to the abdomen and back to get rid of rheumatic pains. Hippocrates championed the juices of the poplar tree and willow bark to treat fever and labor pains. These plants and trees are abimdant in compounds derived from salicylic acid, which gets its name from them (in Latin salix is a willow tree). For thousands of years on all continents they have helped to... 

Willows, R.D., in Plant Pigments and Their Manipulation, Davis, K.M., Ed., Black-well Publishing, Oxford, 2004, chap. 2. 

One of the first and most useful medicinal chemicals is aspirin (CgHgO ), also known as acetylsalicylic acid. This painkiller was first trademarked and manufactured in 1899, but a precursor to the drug had been extracted from the bark of willow trees by Hippocrates as early as the 5th century b.c. The pharmaceutical industry has since developed an array of products to alleviate aches and pains, yet aspirin is still prominent on the shelves of drugstores. In pharmacies that dispense prescription drugs, an even wider array of chemicals is sold to help those with diseases ranging from high blood pressure to cancer. 

Fromm and Spanswick [79] studied inhibiting effects of DNP on the excitability of willow by recording the resting potential of the phloem cells. In willow, 10 " M DNP rapidly depolarized the membrane potential by about 50 mV. 

TABLE 1 Concentration of K, CP, and Ca in Twigs of Nonstimulated Willow Plants. Emitted X-ray Signals Are Given as Peak Background Ratio. The Data Are Mean Values of 20 Measurements Taken from Three Plants with a Standard Error Lower than 0.5 for K+, 0.2 for Ca + and 0.9 for CP... 

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