Who Needs to Be Involved

The aim of this stage is to identify who can help with, or might be affected by, a new standard. We must also identify people with the appropriate skills to develop and deliver the standard. This step is important in helping promote transparency in the process. If trust can be cultivated at this early stage, it is also more likely to help unlock sources of data that might otherwise be withheld. 

We would expect that the key stakeholders are given the opportunity for engagement throughout the process, up to the time a standard is implemented. However, the level of effort expended should reflect the importance of the standard. For substances of only local or minor concern, it could be as simple as defining potential 

Political pressure/public concern Third-sector pressure 

Incidents involving substances with the potential for unexpected adverse effects or response to accidents involving such substances Often the legacy of existing standards, such as previous time-limited standards or introduction of standards for new areas National or international law requiring a new standard to be set International law (treaty obligations) requiring compliance with standards, such as OSPAR (Oslo and Paris Commissions) 

Possible changes in chemical use, or new chemicals found, that suggest a risk to health or the environment that requires control Presence of a chemical in the environment no longer socially acceptable even if it is not known that it will have adverse effects Lobbying from nongovernmental organizations, think tanks, and charities 

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Three key groups of people who need to be involved in the process the suppliers, the R D work group and the customer. The suppliers include those people who provide the physical materials required for the job, and those who supply the services, for instance, information services to R D. The internal customers for work done in R D are the business unit, marketing or manufacturing, who are also its most important suppliers, supplying the targets for its work. Additionally, they will often supply a testing and evaluation service or a resource where this work can be done. Therefore, the process used in discussions with suppliers and customers can be considered as a cyclical one, as shown in Fig B15. 

When planned work involves CPCHAs, the MSDSs and CDSSs for these CPCHAs are gathered. A checklist is used to perform a preliminary analysis to determine (1) the severity of the work that will be performed, (2) the level of analysis that needs to be conducted, and (3) the personnel who need to be involved in the analysis process. 

There are different challenges to getting people involved in different situations. The first step is to analyze who needs to be involved and in what numbers. Before outreach begins, attendance goals need to be set for each target population, and these goals should be the basis for development of strategy and... 

Much thought and effort must go into making sure that those who need to be involved are involved. Tailored outreach strategies need to be used to make sure that those who are impacted by the issue are involved in a demographically representative way... 

IPDT and DBT are outflows of the realization that humans need to be in the loop , especially in the earlier phases of design. Despite available precepts, organization and management of multi-disciplinary teams in these phases is still a challenge. Who needs to be involved Which stakeholders How to create consensus and commitment Often, cultural differences are not sufficiently well understood. These issues are further discussed in the following section Trends in research and practice. 

The severity and scope of the accident will determine who needs to be involved in the investigative process, and what investigative tools are applied. 

Consider the appointment as an interview. Ask questions. Listen and summarize answers to show they have been understood, and to allow corrections where they have not. Point out the difference between what the customer has and would like. Only if the customer feels a need should you go further. Somewhere you will have to tell the customer about your product and firm. However, be careful - you can overwhelm the customer with features that she does not understand, or which are irrelevant. A good sales talk is a conversation, not a product presentation. You may need to discuss product details later, probably with people on a lower level. If you carmot get the customer to feel a need stop. If you find needs, but carmot satisfy them, refer the customer to someone else. If you do find offerings that interest the customer, discuss who else needs to be involved and get her to help you get appointments with these people. 

Other facilities that are generally placed upwind of operating units are plant offices, mechanical shops, and central laboratories. All of these involve a number of people who need to be protected. Also shops and laboratories frequently produce sparks and flames that would ignite flammable gases. Laboratories that are used primarily for quality control are sometimes located in the production area. A list of items that should be placed downwind of the processing facilities is given in Table 6- 1 and Table 6-2. 

Employees should be encouraged to help in the enforcement of work rules and work practices. Your intent is not to turn your employees into informers, but to encourage them to keep an eye out for the safety of themselves and fellow workers. Many employers have encouraged an atmosphere where a successful safety culture exists by getting employees involved. In this type of situation, employees speak up when they see safety issues— for example, a co-worker who needs to be reminded to put on personal protective equipment [2]. In many cases, employees will discuss safety infractions with their co-workers. The key is to develop a culture where personal protective equipment is not the only safety infraction that is discussed. There are many more hazards that should be identified. 

Notifications. The policy must spell out who needs to be notified in the case of an accident. The policy needs to dictate who will be involved in investigating certain events such as ... 

Hazards cannot be addressed efficiently without an accurate evaluation of the situation. Line employees are one of the best sources of this information. They are local process experts. Employees need to be involved in the identification, analysis, and control process because no one knows the job better than the person who does it. Employees have the best understanding of what it takes to perform each task in a job, and thus know what parts of the job are the hardest to perform or pose the biggest difficulties. Workers can best tell what conditions cause them pain, discomfort, and... 

Upper management wanted to ensure that all key people who needed to be informed of certain situations received adequate and prompt notice. The two areas that were added were notices of environmental exceedances or noncompliance and any warrants served. These two parameters were given a numerical classification of an incident and added to the form. Involved parties were retrained in the inclusion of the two new additions on the incident form. 

Who are the key stakeholders and community members that need to be involved in preplanning and do they have a recognized role in, for example, civil defense and emergency management programs ... 

There are many reasons line supervisors need to be involved in safety. In many ways they are the ones who can most directly influence an employees safe behavior. But, how do you do that It can be challenging. 

Once the options have been clearly defined it will be necessary to carry out a cost-benefit analysis of each option. This has two main objectives. First, the overall cost of the project will need to be assessed to determine whether or not it is financially viable and, second, to ensure that those who will be required to incur expenditure are fully aware of the commitment needed. The financial benefits to users of the waters for recreation, fisheries, navigation, etc., are relatively easy to determine, but monetary valuation of the environmental benefits such as conservation and general amenity will be more difficult to define. As yet this aspect of the cost-benefit analysis has not been fully developed in the UK. Having determined a range of options and costs for eutrophication control in a particular catchment, consultation on the details of the Action plan with all those involved is needed before any plan can be implemented. 

Nonroutine work eondueted in proeess areas must be eontrolled by the employer in a eonsistent manner. The hazards identified involving the work to be aeeomplished must be eommunieated to those doing the work and to those operating personnel whose work eould aflfeet the safety of the proeess. A work authorization notiee or permit must follow a proeedure that deseribes the steps the maintenanee supervisor, eontraetor representative, or other person needs to follow to obtain the neeessary elearanee to start the job. The work authorization proeedures must referenee and eoordinate, as applieable, loekout/tagout proeedures, line breaking proeedures, eonfined spaee entry proeedures, and hot work authorizations. This proeedure also must provide elear steps to follow onee the job is eompleted to provide elosure for those who need to know the job is now eompleted and that equipment ean be returned to normal. 

Procedures Do Not Correspond to the Way the Job Is Actually Done. Procedures are often developed when a system is first commissioned and are seldom revised to take into account changes in the hardware or the operating regime. In addition, procedures are often not written on the basis of a systematic analysis of the task as perceived by the workers or other personnel who have to use them. The remedy for this is to make sure that individuals who are going to use procedures are actively involved in their development. In addition, effective updating and auditing systems need to be in place to ensure that procedures are correct, and available to the persons who need them. 

The latter problems are of particular interest to chemists, who should devise appropriate methods for resolving the complexity of chemicals, properly identifying them and finally determining their exact composition and makeup. The participation of chemists is needed to verify the concept of allelopathy as a concentration-dependent phenomenon. They should help to reconstitute the chemical composition as it was found in the original and isolated plant samples. This systematic approach leads to verification of the concept as well as to proper assessment of the initial observation with crude extracts, and to final application to the field situation. Once the concept is proven, same simulation experiments need to be performed to maximize the allelopathic effect (toxin action). The concentration of the toxic chemicals is varied to where the threshold levels of chemicals prove to be involved in the exhibition of allelopathy under field conditions. 

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