Wheat, Rye, and Triticale

FIGURE 1.8 Flowchart of the main food uses of wheat, rye, and triticale. 

Many current triticales have flour extraction rates of more than 70% comparable with those of wheat. Triticale flour can be used to partially replace wheat flour in most food applications. In unleavened or flat breads such as chapatis, wheat flour tortillas, and Injera, triticale behaves like soft wheat flours and the bread-making process needs no modification. This makes the crop especially promising in many countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America where these prepared foods are staples. In leavened breads, triticale has not been able to match the performance of hard wheats. However, it has been successfully utilized to produce noodles, breakfast cereals, and porridges (National Research Council 1989). 

Wet-milling of wheat is aimed toward obtaining starch and vital gluten. The first can be used as an additive or key material for production of sweeteners, whereas the second is used as a food additive for production of bakery products. Some wheat is also used for production of bioethanol in Canada and Australia. 

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RJ Cooke, TM Smith, CC Ainsworth. Discrimination between bread wheat, durum wheat, rye and triticale by electrophoresis of seed proteins and enzymes. Seed Sci Technol 14 693-704, 1986. 

Weidner, S. Amarowicz, R. Karamac, M. Dabrowski, G. Phenolic acids in caryopses of two cultivars of wheat, rye and triticale that display different resistance to pre-harvest sprouting. Eur. Pood Res. Technol. 1999, 210, 109-113. 

AR occur in plants from the families Anacardiaceae, Ginkgoaceae or Proteaceae and Gramineae (5,6). They are present in high levels (>500pg/g) in the bran of cereals grains (7, 8) such as wheat, rye and triticale. Rye is one of the... 

The aleurone layers of com, wheat, rye, and triticale have a high percentage of samrated phytosterols (i.e., sitostanol and campestanol), which are esterified to ferulic acid (Figure 6.3), and to p-coumaric acid to a much lesser extent in com. Rice bran differs from most other cereals in having mostly 30- and 31-carbon sterols (triterpenoids) esterified to femlic acid and small amounts of typical sterols (Moreau et al., 1996). 

The tocol derivatives (tocopherols and tocotrienols) are responsible for the vitamin E activity of plant tissues. Cereals can contain up to eight different tocol derivatives being the P-tocopherols and P-tocotrienols, which are most abundant in wheat, rye, and triticale. Conversely, the y-tocol derivatives are present in maize, rice, and millets. Barley contains both P- and y-tocol derivatives. Tocol derivatives are mainly located in the germ, and therefore migrate with the crude oil after mechanical or solvent extraction. 

The rye or triticale milling process follows the same principles described earlier for the milling of wheat. Rye and triticale usually have a softer endosperm compared to hard or durum wheat and therefore are tempered to lower moisture contents. 

Herbicides. The use of herbicides (qv) based on iodine compounds has its main market in Western Europe. In Canada and the United States these compounds are used only to a small extent. The only significant iodine-containing herbicide is ioxynil [1689-85 4] (4,-hydroxy-3,5,-diiodobenzoic acid). This compound, often used in combination with other herbicides, is formulated for controlling many annual broad-leaved weeds, especially black-bindweed, knotgrass, mayweeds, and com marigold post-emergence in wheat, barley, oats, rye, and triticale (142). Annual consumption of iodine in relation to ioxynils is considered to be about 300—500 t (66). 

Uses herbicide used for pre- and post-emergence control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in spring and winter wheat (except durum wheat), spring and winter barley, winter rye, and triticale. 

Generally, grain and seeds store only low concentrations of potassium (Table 1-3.2). The seeds of leguminous plants accumulate more potassium than those of cereals and rape. The differences in potassium content between cereal grains (barley, wheat, rye, oat, triticale) and leguminous seeds are significant. 

Cereals (wheat, barley, sorghum, oats, rye and triticale) are the most important of the arable crops (Table 2.2.4). In 2005, global cereal production was approximately 870 mio tonnes on 340 mio hectares of land, with wheat Triticum aestivum) being the most important cereal grain, accounting for more than two-thirds of the total production (Table 2.2.5). 

The oc-amylase from a wheat-rye hybrid [triticale ( x Triticosecaley has been purified by affinity chromatography on cyclohepta-amylose immobilized on a derivative of macroporous agarose. Contaminating proteins were eluted with a sodium acetate buffer, whereafter a-amylase was eluted with a buffer containing cyclohepta-amylose. This chromatographic procedure gave a yield of 90% and < 180-fold purification. 

Seitz, L.M. (1989) Stanol and sterol esters of femlic and p-coumaric acids in wheat, corn, rye, and triticale. J. Agric. Food Chem. 37, 662-667. 

Wheat is most affected though barley, rye and triticale can be infected. Oats are immune. The fungus survives in the soil in root and stubble residues and on ihizomatous grasses. Third wheat crops in a rotation are usually most affected but on light acid soils in wet areas the second wheat crop can also be seriously infected After four years of continuous wheat growing, infection appears to lessen, take-all decline. 

Several series of resorcinol derivatives have been found in wheat, rice, rye and triticale. These include 5-alkyl resorcinols and pairs of isomeric 5-alkenyl resorcinols (n = 17, 19,21,23,25), accompanied by smaller amounts of 5-(2 -oxoalkyl)-, 5-(4 -hydroxyalkyl), 5-(2 -hydroxyalkenyl)-resorcinols and 5,5 -(alkadiyl)diresorcinols (Figure 7.52) (Suzuki et al. 1999). Whole wheat grains contain some 300-1200mg/kg total resorcinols that are concentrated in the bran (22-26 g/kg for durum wheat). Comparatively low levels... 

The inflorescence of cereals could be a spike (wheat, barley, rye, and triticale), a panicle (rice, sorghum, oats, and all millets) or, in the specific case of maize, a central axis. Maize, rye, sorghum and pearl millet cross-pollinate, whereas wheat, oats, barley, and rice self-pollinate. 

The endosperm cell walls start developing 3 to 5 days postanthesis. Cellulose is placed in cell walls starting in the periphery and gradually migrates to the central endosperm part. The mature cell walls of rice, maize, sorghum, and millets are thinner compared to wheat, barley, rye, and triticale. 

Spike Cereal inflorescence consisting of a flower cluster in which the developing kernels are attached to the unique central rachis or axis. Wheat, barley, rye, and triticale produce their kernels in a spike. 

The annual world production of s. by - wet milling is 45 X 10 mt. Production is concentrated on just a few s. carriers, which are - maize, - cassava, - wheat, ->potato, sorghum, sweet potato, and - rice (- Starch, EU-Market). Production and application of s. from barley, oats, rye and triticale have been successfully tried as well as s. of legumes, such as pea, beans or lentils. Some other tropical s. sources are of local interest, mainly to third world countries . Special varieties with extraordinary high contents of - amylose or - amylopectin are of partial interest in special industrial and food applications. 

On ornamental plants CCC is appHed to a2aleas, geraniums, and hibiscus (Hibiscus sp] to make compact plants, and to poinsettias to reduce stem height and increase the red color of the bracts. A considerable amount of work has been carried out on cereals with CCC to reduce stem length and inhibit lodging. In Europe, the effect of CCC on shortening the culms of cereals is dependent upon the genotype. It has been demonstrated that the effect is as follows wheat > triticale > durum wheat > rye > oats > barley > corn = millet = rice (37). In barley, culms are initially inhibited but later the plant overcomes the inhibition (37). This has been attributed to poor assimilation, translocation, and rapid breakdown in wheat (38). 

This is a cross between wheat and rye. Triticale combines the yield and quality of wheat with the winter hardiness of rye and is also disease resistant. It can be used as a replacement for concentrates in a livestock ration because it is high in crude protein and essential amino acids. Its place in the rotation is similar to rye, so that it can be used as a forage crop or a green manure. 

Triticale. This grain is a cross between rye and wheat. The obvious aim is to produce a grain having the bread making properties of wheat and the hardiness of rye. The problem is not to produce varieties with the bread making properties of rye and the hardiness of wheat. 

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