Cereals global production

Current use of HCB has declined rapidly over recent years from its past use as a fungicide on cereal grains. Annual global production has been estimated at 10 000 tonnes per year in 1986,2 although India alone is reported by the FAO to have applied 37 000 tonnes in 1988. Other sources of HCB are known to include industrial emissions, especially from the manufacture of poly(vinyl chloride), and it has also been reported as a biotransformation product of lindane in the environment. Its high persistence and volatility have combined to make HCB one of the most evenly distributed global pollutants, with levels of around 100 pg m 3. 

From a global view, plant protein sources (cereals, legumes, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits) have always been the primary source of dietary energy and protein for the majority of the world s population. In addition, in recent years, the use of vegetable protein products as sources of dietary protein, as supplements, and as extenders of more traditional animal protein sources has been increasing markedly in the developed countries. These factors are responsible for our interest in determining the effects of plant protein sources on the utilization of minerals in the human diet. 

Since the 1960s, global cereal production has more than doubled, increasing from 866 million metric tons (mt) in 1961 to nearly 2200 million mt in 2005, with developing countries accounting for nearly 60 percent of the increase (Fig. 24.1). Most of the increased cereal production in South Asia was through... 

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Cereals (wheat, barley, sorghum, oats, rye and triticale) are the most important of the arable crops (Table 2.2.4). In 2005, global cereal production was approximately 870 mio tonnes on 340 mio hectares of land, with wheat Triticum aestivum) being the most important cereal grain, accounting for more than two-thirds of the total production (Table 2.2.5). 

The perishable nature of potatoes limits the market of this raw material to the region of production what is produced in Europe is predominantly consumed in Europe. On the other side, cereals are commodities traded globally and therefore subject to the dynamics of a global market. A recent demonstration of these global dynamics was the temporary shortage of cereal on the market caused, among others, by an increased demand for food coming from China and India, bad weather conditions and the use of cereals as feedstock for bioethanol production. 

Rye [Secale cereal) is planted mainly in Russia and the central, northern, and eastern parts of Europe, where it can be grown instead of wheat because of its higher tolerance toward lower temperatures. However, the starch content of rye is also lower than that of wheat and the area harvested in 2007 was relatively small with 6 307 272 ha globally. Most of the production is used for bread baking, while... 

Due to the sensitive implications of expansion of agricultural areas (considerable investment and lower average yields, while possibly incurring social and environmental costs), the alternative to increasing global food production is to further increase land productivity. From the 1960s on, global cereal yields have continually increased. 

Water. One of eight people in the world today has no access to potable water. Due to the increasing complexity of the global economy and the interrelated nature of supply chains, the stress on the world s water supplies is expected, within the next 15 to 20 years, to trigger a global food crisis with projected shortfalls of up to 30 percent in world cereal production. Water will become the new currency of the fnture supply chain. ... 

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important cereals worldwide. Barley can be cultivated in highly diverse geographical regions from subarctic to subtropical. In 2012, global barley production was over 132million tonnes (http //faostat.fao. org/site/567/default.aspx). The largest value-added use for barley is the production of malt (Schwarz Li, 2011). Malted barley provides the basis of most beers in the world. Approximately 13% of the barley produced worldwide is processed into malt. The rest is used as animal feed or for other human consumption. 

In just fifty years from 1950 to 2000, the world population has grown from 2.5 billion to 6.1 billion. Currently, the world population grows by about 80 million per year, which demands extra grain output of at least about 40 million tons (0.5 kg cereal per day for one person) without consideration of the nutrient level. This increase, and the concomitant demand for grain, especially corn, wheat, rice and soybeans, will continue to place tremendous pressure on today s global agricultural production systems. ... 

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