Wheat durum

Dumm wheat will grow on a wide range of arable soils, but is best suited to medium textured soil. It tolerates diy conditions better than ordinary wheat. As it is a Mediterranean crop it tends to yield better in the eastern wheat growing areas of England. The problem when growing this crop is achieving the reqrrired quality and it yields poorly compared with conventional wheat. 

Seedbed requirements and methods of sowing are sirrrilar to those for wheat crops. 

As durum wheat does not reqttire vernalisation, it can be sown in either October or March. Auttmm-sown crops are susceptible to frost damage. 

Varieties all have awns on the ear - so are bearded. Cmrent varieties include Lloyd and Pescadou. 

Durum wheat is very susceptible to eyespot and ergot. 

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G. Fabriani and C. Lintas, eds.. Durum Wheat, Chemisty and Technology, American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, Minn., 1988. 

On ornamental plants CCC is appHed to a2aleas, geraniums, and hibiscus (Hibiscus sp] to make compact plants, and to poinsettias to reduce stem height and increase the red color of the bracts. A considerable amount of work has been carried out on cereals with CCC to reduce stem length and inhibit lodging. In Europe, the effect of CCC on shortening the culms of cereals is dependent upon the genotype. It has been demonstrated that the effect is as follows wheat > triticale > durum wheat > rye > oats > barley > corn = millet = rice (37). In barley, culms are initially inhibited but later the plant overcomes the inhibition (37). This has been attributed to poor assimilation, translocation, and rapid breakdown in wheat (38). 

Temickeltmg,/. hard nickel plating, -wachs, n. hard wax. -waren, /.pi. hardware, -weizen, m. hard wheat, durum wheat, -werden, n. hardening, -zerkleinerung, /. crushing of hard material, -zinn, n. (hard) pewter. 

Clarke, J.M. Townley-Smith, T.F. (1986). Heritability and relationship to yield of excised leaf water retention in durum wheat. Crop Science, 26, 289-92. 

Morgan, J.M., Hare, R.A. Fletcher, R.J. (1986). Genetic variation in osmoregulation in bread and durum wheats and its relationship to grain yield in a range of field environments. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 37, 449-57. 

Fratianni, A. et al.. Estimation of color of durum wheat comparison of WSB, HPLC and reflectance colorimeter measurements, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53, 2373, 2005. Papadakis, S. E. et al., A versatile and inexpensive technique for measuring color of... 

G. Cieslinski, K. C. J. Van Rees, A. M. Szmigielska, G. S. R. Krishnamurti, and P. M. Huang. Low-molecular-weight organic acids in rhizosphere soils of durum wheat and their effect on cadmium bioaccumulation. Plant Soil 203 109 (1998). 

Cakmak, N. Sari, H, Marschner, and H. Ekiz, Phytosiderophore relea.se in bread and durum wheat genotypes differing in zinc efficiency. Plant Soil ISO 183 (1996). 

Jiao Y., Bailey L.D., Grant C.A. Effects of phosphorus and zinc fertilizer on cadmium uptake and distribution in flax and durum wheat. J Sci Food Agri 2004 84 777-785. 

Mitchell L.G., Grant C.A., Racz G.J. Effect of nitrogen application on concentration of cadmium and nutrient ions in soil solution and in durum wheat. Can J Soil Sci 2000 80 107-115. 

Unprocessed cereals other than durum wheat, oats and maize Unprocessed cereals other than maize 1250 100... 

Cereal grains ready to eat and processed cereal products except durum wheat products, bread, cookies and fine pastries 500 50... 

Duriron, corrosion resistance of, 23 785 Durran s method, 10 387 Durum wheat, 26 278 milling of, 26 282 Dust(s), 3 697... 

Pinson-Gadais, L., Barreau, C., Chaurand, M., Gregoire, S., Monmarson, M., and Richrad-Forget, F. (2007). Distribution of toxigenic Fusarium spp. and mycotoxin production in milling fractions of durum wheat. Food Addit. Contam. 24, 53-62. 

Williams, K. J., Dennis, J. L, Smyl, C., and WaUwork, H. (2002). The application of species-specific assays based on the polymerase chain reaction to analyse Fusarium crown rot of durum wheat. Australas. Plant Pathol. 31,119-127. 

Most of the applications of HPLC for protein analysis deal with the storage proteins in cereals (wheat, corn, rice, oat, barley) and beans (pea, soybeans). HPLC has proved useful for cultivar identihcation, protein separation, and characterization to detect adulterations (illegal addition of common wheat flour to durum wheat flour) [107]. Recently Losso et al. [146] have reported a rapid method for rice prolamin separation by perfusion chromatography on a RP POROS RH/2 column (UV detection at 230nm), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and molecular size determination by MALDl-MS. DuPont et al. [147] used a combination of RP-HPLC and SDS-PAGE to determine the composition of wheat flour proteins previously fractionated by sequential extraction. 

PK McCarthy, BF Scanlon, IC Lumley, M Griffin. Detection and quantification of adulteration of durum wheat flour by flour from common wheat using reverse phase HPLC. J Sci Food Agric 50 211-226, 1990. 

I de Noni, G de Bernardi, L Pellegrino. Detection of common-wheat (Triticum aestivum) flour in Durum-wheat (Triticum durum) semolina by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) of specific albumins. Food Chem 51 325-329, 1994. 

RJ Cooke, TM Smith, CC Ainsworth. Discrimination between bread wheat, durum wheat, rye and triticale by electrophoresis of seed proteins and enzymes. Seed Sci Technol 14 693-704, 1986. 

Semolina is the coarsely ground endosperm of durum wheat. High in protein, it is used by U.S. and Italian manufacturers for high quality pasta products such as macaroni and spaghetti In Africa and Latin America it is also used for a dish called couscous. Durum flour, a by-product in the production of semolina, is used to make commercial American noodles. Farina is the coarsely ground endosperm of hard wheats. It is the prime ingredient in many American breakfast cereals. It is also used by manufacturers for inexpensive pasta. 

FIGURE 4.11 H NOESY spectrum (recorded at 400 MHz) of durum wheat flour dissolved in D20. (From Sacco et at., 1998.)... 

Brescia, M. A., Di Martino, G., Fares, C., Di Fonzo, N., Platani, C., Ghelli, S., Reniero, F., and Sacco, A. (2002b). Characterization of Italian durum wheat semolina by means of chemical analytical and spectroscopic determinations. Cereal Chem. 79, 238-242. 

M. Del Carlo, A. Pepe, M. Mascini, M. De Gregorio, A. Visconti and D. Compagnone, Determining pirimiphos-methyl in durum wheat samples using an acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 381 (2005) 1367-1372. 

Rapid detection of organophosphates, Ochratoxin A, and Fusarium sp. in durum wheat via screen printed based electrochemical sensors... 

Among organophosphates dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate) and pirimiphos methyl (0-[2-(diethylamino)-6-methyl-4-pyr-imidinyl]0,0-dimethylphosphorothioate) are important contaminants for the durum wheat industry. Dichlorvos is one of the most widely used pesticides worldwide in the storage of many products, such as com, rice, and durum wheat, finding widespread use in most European countries... 

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