Wheat crops

Hard red winter (HRW) is an important bread wheat that accounts for more than 40% of the United States wheat crop and wheat exports. This fall-seeded wheat is produced in the Great Plains, which extend from the Mississippi River west to the Rocky Mountains, and from the Dakotas and Montana south to Texas. Significant quantities are also produced in California. HRW has moderately high protein content, usually averaging 11—12%, and good milling and baking characteristics. 

Condon, A.G., Richards, R.A. Farquhar, G.D. (1987). Carbon isotope discrimination is positively correlated with grain yield and dry matter production in field-grown wheat. Crop Science, 27, 996-1001. 

Pepe, J.F. Welsh, J.R. (1979). Soil water depletion patterns under dryland field conditions of closely related height lines of wheat. Crop Science, 19, 677-81. 

Clarke, J.M. Townley-Smith, T.F. (1986). Heritability and relationship to yield of excised leaf water retention in durum wheat. Crop Science, 26, 289-92. 

Pesticides affect the content of microelements and other substances in plants, thus changing their nutritive value, as well as their ability to be stored. This was detected for OCPs in grain and legume harvests. For example, wheat crops treated with some fungicides (zineb, bayleton, and propicanazol) to fight stem rust (Puccirda) produce a lower quality of bread [3]. 

A field operator exposure study was designed to accommodate the chemical properties and the use pattern involved in the treatment of potato crops for protection against the Colorado potato beetle. Fifteen farmworkers experienced in the use of tractor-drawn sprayers for application of crop protection materials to crops were selected. All were adult males. To avoid production of a large quantity of treated potato crop prior to registration of the product for sale, the trials were performed on stubble fields after harvest of winter wheat crops in a potato-growing area of southern Ontario. This allowed the use of typical farm spray equipment and a typical duration of exposure for a complete shift of work. 

Singh, M.V., Abrol, I.P., Transformation and movement of zinc in an alkali soil and their influence on the yield and uptake of zinc by rice and wheat crops. Plant Soil. 1986 94 445 149. 

Sutton, D. C. and Dwyer, K. R. (1964). Cerium-144 and cesium-137 measurements in the 1963 United States wheat crop and milling products, Science 145, 486. 

Part of this wealth took the form of so-called capital goods and was carefully measured as financial capital, that is, as credits against the community. Real wealth, in the form of a wheat crop, for instance, would rot if stored for any length of time, whereas the wealth which took the form of so-called capital goods, and was registered as financial capital, was supposed not to rot but, on the contrary, to grow independently at compound interest, ad infinitum. This was a convention of human society... but could not run permanently counter... 

Khan, R.M. and A.P. Singh. 1985. Control of termites in wheat crop with insecticides applied through irrigation. Entomon 10 197-201. 

Culman SW, Duxbury JM, Lauren JG, Thies JE (2006) Microbial community response to soil solarization in Nepal s rice - wheat cropping system. Soil Biol Biochem 38 3359-3371. doi 10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.04.053... 

Notably, however, any comparison of biodiesel vs. bioethanol should be done with great caution, because analysis of an industry such as that related to biofuels is a very complex task and all conclusions are country dependent. It may be interesting, however, to compare the energy balance and environmental impact in producing biodiesel from oilseed rape and bioethanol from wheat crops [4], Table 9.3 reports this comparison. The energy balance for bioethanol is more positive than for biodiesel, in particular when straw is utilized, mainly due to the higher yield... 

Table 9.3 Energy values, costs and emissions per hectare in the comparison of the production of biodiesel by oilseed rape and bioethanol by wheat crops. (Adapted from [4]).

Biomass Generation from Sugarcane, Rice and Wheat Crops Consequences of Removal Practices and Alternatives... 

Some microorganisms are also able to transform trichothecenes into less toxic compounds. For example, rumenal bacteria, bacteria from the large intestine of chickens, and bacterial populations from soil samples, were capable of transforming deoxynivalenol into 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol or 3-keto-4-deoxynivalenol (Binder et ah, 2000 Swanson et ah, 1987 He et ah, 1993 Shima et ah, 1997). Therefore, it seems likely that the development of wheat crops with the capability of eliminating this mycotoxin or bio-treatments could possibly be developed as a feasible strategy. 

Perry, J. N., and Wall, C. (1984). Orientation of male pea moth, Cydia nigricana, to pheromone traps in a wheat crop. EntomologiaExperimentalis etApplicata 37,161-167. 

Smith, B.J., Kirkegaard, J.A. and Howe, G.N. 2004a. Impacts of Brassica break crops on soil biology and yield of following wheat crops. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55(1) 1-11. 

Champeil, A., Fourbet, J.F, Dore, T. and Rossignol, L. 2004. Influence of cropping system on Fusarium head blight and mycotoxin levels in winter wheat. Crop Protection 23 531-537. 

Slopes, C., Millington, S. and Woodward, L. 1996. Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation by three leguminous green manure species and the yield of a following wheat crop in an organic production system. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 57 189-196. 

The corn and wheat crops are quite poor in quality, with... 

Hydrolytic Dehalogenation Simazine was shown by Roth (1957) to degrade in the presence of com extracts, but was stable in the presence of extracts from a susceptible wheat crop. Castelfranco et al. (1961) described a similar nonenzyme constituent of expressed com sap that hydrolyzed simazine to hydroxysimazine [2,4-bis(ethylamino)-6-hydroxy-y-triazine]. Wahlroos and Virtanen (1959) and Hamilton (1964) have established that the catalytic conversion of simazine to hydroxysimazine in roots and shoots of resistant species is caused by 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-l,4-benzoxazin-3-one (benzoxazinone) or its 2-glucoside as follows ... 

McLeod, K.W., Adriano, D.C., Boni, A.L., Corey, J.C., Horton, J.H., Paine, D. Pinder, J.E. Ill (1980) Influence of a nuclear fuel chemical separations facility on the plutonium content of a wheat crop. Journal of Environmental Quality, 9,306-15. 

Cassman, K.G., Bryant, D.C., Fulton, A.E., Jackson, L.F. 1992. Nitrogen supply effects on partitioning of dry matter and nitrogen to grain of irrigated wheat. Crop Sci 32 1251-1258. 

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