Waxes petroleum-based

Petroleum waxes Petroleum base stocks Antifreeze Engine oils... 

Emulsions of fatty- and petroleum-based substances, both oils and waxes, of the o/w type are made by using blends of sorbitan fatty esters and their poly(oxyethylene) derivatives. Mixtures of poly(oxyethylene(20)) sorbitan monostearate (Polysorbate 60) and sorbitan monostearate are typical examples of blends used for lotions and creams. Both sorbitan fatty acid esters and their poly(oxyethylene) derivatives are particularly advantageous in cosmetic uses because of their very low skin irritant properties. Sorbitan fatty ester emulsifiers for w/o emulsions of mineral oil are used in hair preparations of both the lotion and cream type. Poly(oxyethylene(20)) sorbitan monolaurate is useflil in shampoo formulations (see Hairpreparations). Poly(oxyethylene) sorbitan surfactants are also used for solubilization of essential oils in the preparation of colognes and after-shave lotions. 

Infrared Spectroscopy (ir). Infrared curves are used to identify the chemical functionality of waxes. Petroleum waxes with only hydrocarbon functionality show slight differences based on crystallinity, while vegetable and insect waxes contain hydrocarbons, carboxyflc acids, alcohols, and esters. The ir curves are typically used in combination with other analytical methods such as dsc or gc/gpc to characterize waxes. 

Plasticizers and Processing Aids. Petroleum-based oils are commonly used as plasticizers. Compound viscosity is reduced, and mixing, processing, and low temperature properties are improved. Air permeabihty is increased by adding extender oils. Plasticizers are selected for their compatibihty and low temperature properties. Butyl mbber has a solubihty parameter of ca 15.3 (f /cm ) [7.5 (cal/cm ) ], similar to paraffinic and naphthenic oils. Polybutenes, paraffin waxes, and low mol wt polyethylene can also be used as plasticizers (qv). Alkyl adipates and sebacates reduce the glass-transition temperature and improve low temperature properties. Process aids, eg, mineral mbber and Stmktol 40 ms, improve filler dispersion and cured adhesion to high unsaturated mbber substrates. 

Corrosion-inhibited petroleum-based waxes deposited from solvent are finding application in both the automotive and aircraft industries for the supplementary protection of hollow sections of the finished product. These waxes are applied by airless or air-assisted pressure-feed spraying techniques... 

MWI [Mobil Wax Isomerization] A process for improving the quality of petroleum-based lubricating oils. The undesirable wax constituents are hydroisomerized to products of lower molecular weight, using a zeolite catalyst, and the resulting product is treated with an organic peroxide to increase its viscosity. Developed by Mobil Oil Corporation in 1990. 

Currently, petroleum is among our most important natural resources. We use gasoline, Jet fuel, and diesel fuel to run cars, trucks, aircraft, ships, and other vehicles. Home heat sources include oil, natural gas, and electricity, which in many areas is generated by burning natural gas. Petroleum and petroleum-based chemicals are important in manufacturing plastic, wax, fertilizers, lubricants, and many other goods. Thus, petroleum is an important part of many human activities. 

The primary route of exposure to dibenz[d, /i]ant-hracene is via the skin, from petroleum-based products. An additional significant route of exposure is through inhalation of cigarette smoke. While ingestion is a route of exposure, the significance of such exposure is debatable. Dibenz[a,/ ]anthracene is found in many food items (cereals, fruits, and vegetables) in the low parts per billion (ppb) level. It is found in cigarette smoke at 100-150 ppb and in used motor oil at around 14 000 ppb. It is found in petroleum products such as coal tar, mineral oil, and petroleum waxes. 

Waxes, refined, dtaived frinn petroleum-based or synthetic... 

Attempts have been made to define or classify petroleum based on various distillation properties when combined with another property such as density. It has been suggested that a crude should be called asphaltic if the distillation residue contained less than 2% wax and paraffinic if it contained more than 5%. A division according to the chemical composition of the 250-300°C (480-570°F) fraction has also been suggested (Table 2.1). 

Petroleum products are any petroleum-based products that can be obtained by refining (Chapter 2) and comprise refinery gas, ethane, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha, gasoline, aviation fuel, marine fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, distillate fuel oil, residual fuel oil, gas oil, lubricants, white oil, grease, wax, asphalt, as well as coke. Petrochemical products (Speight, 1999a) are not included here. 

Dye removing cream, petroleum base Fabric softeners Floor wax emulsion Floor waxes... 

Neoprene s resistance to attack from solvents, waxes, fats, oils, greases, and many other petroleum-based products is one of its outstanding properties. Excellent service is also experienced when it is in contact with aliphatic compounds (methyl and ethyl alcohols, ethylene glycols, etc.), aliphatic hydrocarbons, and most Freon refrigerants. A minimum amount of swelling... 

Furniture polishes are pastes, creams, or lotions used to clean, protect, and shine wooden furniture. These products were originally made from natural waxes, which were hard to apply and tended to leave a heavy buildup over time. Formulations for furniture polishes combine natural waxes and oils with petroleum-based ingredients and synthetic polymers. These modern formulations can clean the film residue and lay down new polish in a single step, so periodic stripping of old polish layers is not necessary. 

Soybeans are used in many nonfood products. Soy-based wax is used to make crayons, which have brighter colors and are easier to use than those made from petroleum-based wax. 

PEG bases can also be combined with various other bases. They are compatible with cetyl alcohol, cetyl stearyl alcohol, stearic acid, 1,2-propylene glycol, glycerol, glycerol monostearate, and PEG sorbitan monooleate. PEGs are not compatible, however, with paraffin wax, petroleum jelly, oleyl oleates, and hydrogenated peanut oil. Eurther details on the miscibility and compatibility of PEGs with other substances are given in Table 5. 

Waxes made from hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated soybean oil have gained traction for use in candles and other applications as natural alternatives to petroleum-based paraffin waxes. These products can compete on a cost basis when crude oil prices are high, but even during periods of relatively low-cost petroleum, the soy-based waxes can capture a segment of the overall market that is willing to pay a premium for a natural product. 

Royal M Solnon SS detergent, petroleum waxes Sodium nonoxynol-4 sulfate detergent, petroleum-based lubricants... 

CEDEPAL CO-210 Nonoxynol-4 Rho-dasutf BC-420 Serdox NES 3 Serdox NOL 2 Steareth-2 Steareth-10 Steareth-20 T-Det N-1.5 T-Det N-6 Trideceth-3 Trldeceth-6 Trldeceth-9 Trideceth-12 dispersant, petroleum waxes Sodium nonoxynol-4 sulfate dispersant, petroleum-based lubricants... 

Nonsoul OK-1 Nonsoul OK-2 Nonsoul ON-1 Nonsoul ON-2 Nonsoul SN-1 Nonsoul TK-1 Nonsoul TN-1 Plonon 105 emulsifier, petroleum wax emulsions Amines, C16-C22 alkyltrimethylenedi-emulsifier, petroleum waxes Powdered Gum Ghatti G-1 Rhodapex CO-433 Rhodapex CO-436 Sodium nonoxynoM sulfate emulsifier, petroleum-based lubricants... 

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