Waxes, animal mineral

For centuries, the honeycomb of bees, ie, beeswax, was the material commonly referred to as wax. Substances having typical wax characteristics have traditionally come from iasects, eg, beeswax from vegetables, eg, camauba and from animal, eg, spermaceti, origins (1). Waxes from mineral and synthetic sources have been developed both as substitutes for waxes from traditional sources and for new appHcations. Waxes from minerals and synthetic sources now surpass waxes from traditional sources ia toimage and commercial importance. 

Waxes—Any of a class of pliable substances of plant, animal, mineral, or synthetic origin. Waxes are the larger saturate compounds that make up oil. They consist of long-chain organic compounds. Waxes are included in the residue formed after the refining of crude oil. (See also Paraffin, Saturate group.)... 

Waxes.— Tinder this head is classed —1. Animal 7axes 2. Vegetable waxes 3. Mineral waxes. Animal waxes include bees wax and spermaceti. After the honey has been removed from the cells of the honeycomb, the latter is melted in water, at a moderate heat, and the liquid mass is then strained, and the clear wax afterwards melted and cast into cakes or round tablets. Bees wax is brittle at 32° F., becomes soft and plastic at 88° to... 

Natural products Vegetable oils waxes, mineral oils plus their sulfated derivatives (including those of animal oils and fats) Sugar extraction glue manufacture cutting oils... 

The oleaginous phases of creams differ composi-tionally from hydrocarbon ointments. Many, but not all, creams are patterned after vanishing cream and contain considerable stearic acid. In lieu of some or all of the stearic acid, creams sometime contain long-chain waxy alcohols (cetyl, Ci6 stearyl, Ci8), long-chain esters (myristates, Ci4 palmitates, Ci6 stearates, Cig), other long-chain acids (palmatic acid), vegetable and animal oils, and assorted other waxes of both animal and mineral origin. 

Other waxes have not been studied to the same extent as beeswax. They derive from a variety of plant, animal and also mineral sources, as described in Chapter 1, where more detailed information on their chemical composition is reported. HTGC/MS analysis after solvent extraction has been successfully used to identify spermaceti, candellila and Japan waxes which have been used in the manufacture of works of art [37]. In particular, in the case of spermaceti wax it has been possible to understand the structure of the various isomers of even-numbered esters ranging from C26 to C34, as well as odd-numbered esters detected in low amounts. The mass spectra obtained demonstrated for the first time that spermaceti esters are mainly composed of hexade-canol and octadecanol moieties associated with a range of FAs containing 10 20 carbon atoms. 

Uses Solvent for waxes, resins, dyes, animal, vegetable and mineral oils paint and varnish removers rubber cements extracting acetic acid from solution spotting compositions rubber cements oxygenate in gasoline organic synthesis. 

Hatchett treated various kinds of wood, coal, and coke with nitric acid and found that a substance very analogous to tannin. . . may at any time be produced by exposing carbonaceous substances, whether vegetable, animal, or mineral, to the action of nitric acid. He also converted skin into leather by means of materials which, to professional men, must appear extraordinary, such as deal sawdust, asphaltum, common turpentine, pit coal, wax candle, and a piece of the same sort of skin.. . . ... 

Paraffin followed by candelilla wax and microcrystalline waxes, and eventually by beeswax, are considered as the most effective moisture barriers derived from edible waxes (Morillon et al. 2002). There is no satisfactory chemical definition for the term wax which is used for a variety of products of mineral, botanical and animal origin that contain various kinds of fatty materials (Table 23.4). The term resins or lacs can also be used for plant or insect secretions that take place along resins ducts, often in response to injury or infection, and result in more acidic substances (Hernandez 1994). However, all waxes tend to contain wax esters as major components, that is, esters of long-chain fatty alcohols with long chain fatty acids. Depending on their source, they may additionally include hydrocarbons, sterol esters, aliphatic aldehydes, primary and secondary alcohols, diols, ketones, triacylglycerols, and so on. 

Because there is no structural definition of lipids, the exact definition of a lipid is a bit vague and a f scientists seeking a broad definition will include almost any organic compound that is not water soluble. Many of these can be volatile because their molecules are small. Most scientists do not include mineral oils or waxes obtained from petroleum or paraffin. Instead interest is focused on substances related to living plant and animal biochemistry. And these substances are comprised of large molecules that are non-volatile. 

Waxes are obtained from various sources and are generally classified into animal, insect, vegetable, mineral, and synthetic waxes. ... 

Aliphatic EC>16-EC35 Fraction. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in this fraction are not expected to undergo extensive metabolism in animals or humans. In monkeys, 2 days after intramuscular injection of a mineral oil emulsion with a radiolabeled C16 hydrocarbon Oz-hexanedecane), substantial portions (30-90%) of radioactivity in various tissues existed as unmetabolized n-hexanedecane. The remainder of the radioactivity was found as phospholipids, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and sterol esters. No radioactivity was found in water-soluble fractions (ATSDR 1997b). The common presence of lipogranulomata in human autopsies and the widespread dietary exposure to mineral oils and waxes (Wanless and Geddie 1985) are consistent with the concept that aliphatic hydrocarbons in this fraction are slowly metabolized. 

Use Solvent for animal, vegetable and mineral oils, waxes, and resins extraction of acetic acid from aqueous solutions solvent for dyes in presence of small amount of alcohol paint and varnish removers spotting compositions rubber cements. 

Waxes are a group of organic compounds consisting mainly of heat-sensitive hydrocarbons which are insoluble in water but soluble in most organic solvents and, most of them, free from glyceride. Sources of waxes can be animal, vegetable, mineral, synthetic and petroleum. The waxes used for fibre finishing are... 

In the early days of petroleum refining, kerosene was the major product, followed by paraffin wax wanted for the manufacture of candles. Lubricating oils were at first by-products of paraffin wax manufacture. The preferred lubricants in the 1860s were lard oil, sperm oil, and tallow, but as the trend to heavier industry increased, the demand for mineral lubricating oils increased, and after the 1890s petroleum displaced animal and vegetable oils as the source of lubricants for most purposes. 

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