Waxes, uses

Several types of wax and wax—metal emulsions are water repeUents (30,31). Among these are wax dispersions without metal salts and wax dispersions containing aluminum or zirconium salts. The products that do not contain metal salts are anionic emulsions of wax, used alone or in combination with durable-press resins. Specific compositions are proprietary. Their chief use is on nylon, polyester, and acetate fabrics. 

Jojoba. Jojoba oil [61789-91-1] is obtained from the seeds of the jojoba plant grown in semiarid regions of Costa Rica, Israel, Mexico, and the United States. The oil is made up of ca 80 wt % of esters of eicos-ll-enoic and docos-13-enoic acids, and eicos-ll- -l-ol, and docos-13- -l-ol, ca 17 wt % of other hquid esters, with the balance being free alcohols, free acids, and steroids. Jojoba oil is used primarily in the formulation of cosmetics. Hydrogenated jojoba oil is a wax used in candles and other low volume specialty apphcations. 

Type A waxes are hard waxes used when an extra hard wax is preferred by the dentist in making patterns in the mouth. Type B waxes are medium waxes used by most dentists to make patterns in the mouth. Type C waxes are soft waxes used for making patterns outside the mouth. 

Base-plate waxes are formulated for specific uses or working conditions into types 1,11, and 111. Consequentiy, the flow requirements differ. Type 1 waxes are soft waxes for building contours and veneers, type 11 waxes are medium waxes used for pattern production in the mouth in temperate weather, and type 111 waxes are hard waxes used for production in the mouth in hot weather. At 37°C, type 1 waxes have a 45—85% flow at 45°C, type 11 waxes have a 50—90% flow and type 111 waxes have a 5—50% flow. 

Impression Waxes. Impression waxes include those waxes used to obtain a negative cast of the mouth stmcture (impression waxes), waxes used to estabhsh tooth articulation (bite-registration waxes), and waxes used to detect tooth interference and high spots or improper fit of denture bases (disclosing waxes). They must be plastic and moldable at mouth temperatures, and chill to a stiU nonplastic mass upon cooling within a few degrees below mouth temperature. 

Problem 27.1 Carnauba wax, used in floor and furniture polishes, contains an ester of a C32 straight-chain alcohol with a C20 straight-chain carboxylic acid. Draw its structure. 

Tomas-Alonso, F., Angosto, L.A. Olmos, and Munecas Vidal, M.A. (2004) Selecbve separabon of normal paraffins from slack wax using the molecular sieve adsorpbon technique. Sep. Sci. Technol, 39,1577. 

While much valuable research has gone into the crystallography of nice crystals one can get out of solution, there remain large and important fundamental studies to be made of the characteristics of waxes in films and on paper. These could well upset our ideas derived from the single-crystal work and lead to improvements in the waxes used in this way. 

PRP petrolatum, rosin paraffin wax (used in the USA for coating AN crysts)... 

Sixty-four waxes or waxy materials were screened for possible use in Compn A-3 type RDX mixes (Ref 47). Continuous pelleting tests in comparison with standard Compn A-3 (made with Stanolind 170/5 wax) were conducted. Four of the wax coated compns were considered comparable. The waxes used in these four com-... 

Ref 15 is a comprehensive report covering details of the progress in the development of Compn B, the formal designation for the 60/40/1 RDX/TNT/wax mix, to 15 Jan 1943. This report, coupled with Refs 92 106, contain or refer to almost all the practical information pertaining specifically to waxes used in the US Compn B. Covered in Ref 15 is a thorough... 

Considerable time was spent on determining how much of the wax used in formulating Compn B is actually retained in the finished cast. This work, reported in Ref 15, involves developing methods of analysis, methods of incorporation of the waxes, and studying wax segregation from both molten TNT and molten Compn B. 

As mentioned previously, waxes or waxy materials are complex mixts of a great variety of materials and/or a very broad range of organic compds. Quant and qual analysis of some of the natural waxes is very difficult and time consuming, and for the most put is not really necessary. Most of the waxes used in expl compns have been derived generally from petroleum sources. Specification requirements have been quite broad and are generally concentrated on the physical properties of the materials... 

The first US specification for wax used in expl compns was PXS-1127, (Dec 16,1944). Accdg to Ref 34 this specification is largely a description of Aristowax 160-65 (Stream 2). This ref advises separation of the requirements for waxes into two classes - - Class A for use in pressed expls and class B for use in cast expls. Each of these classes would be further broken down into three grades representing the best wax that can be specified to the most inferior that can be accepted, which would be used only in emergencies. Only physical tests are suggested and only waxes from petroleum sources be considered for use. The following tests were recommended ... 

J.J. Rocchio J.O. Doall, Analysis of Microcrystalline Waxes Used as Desensitizers in Composition B , BRL Memo Rept 123... 

Determination of Some of the Thermal Characteristics of Waxes Using the Differential Scanning Calorimeter , PATR 4682 (1974)... 

Wax Used in M203 Propelling Charge liners , AR LCD-TR-79042, ARRADCOM, Dover, NJ (1979) 114) D.S. Downs, L.E. Harris K. 

Paraffin waxes -use m gemstone treatment [GEMSTONES - GEMSTONE TREATMENT] (Vol 12) -as antiozonants [ANTIOZONANTS] (Vol 3)... 

The marine animal waxes are both solid and liquid. The solid marine animal waxes are represented by a wax of considerable economic importance, namely spermaceti, derived from a concrete obtained from the head of the sperm whale. The liquid waxes of marine animals arc represented by speim oil obtained from the blubbei and cavities in the head of the sperm whale. Spermaceti is the wax used in the candle which defines our unit of candle power it is used chiefly as a base for ointments, cerates, etc. Sperm oil contains a considerable amount of esters made up of unsaturated alcohols and acids, both of which are susceptible to hydrogenation. Hydrogenated sperm oil is the equivalent of spermaceti wax and harder than the commercial pressed spermaceti. Both yield cetyl alcohol as the unsaponifiable. There is a fairly large demand for cetyl alcohol in the manufacture of lipstick, shampoo, and other cosmetics. Sperm oil itself is an excellent lubricant for lubricating spindles of cotton and woolen mills, or wherever there is need for a very light, limpid, nongummmg lubricant. 

Other fruit waxes include bayberry wax, used in making Christmas candles since the days of the Pilgrams. The wax of rice bran is coming into commercial use, but waxes of the cranberry, apple, grapefruit, etc. are only of academic interest,... 

The liquid densities huve been measured from 0 C to 8Qr C.w, M The modified Racket equation wax used to ex tend the data to the critical point iV When compared to seven experimental values, the error averaged I 1%. 

Tlie vapor heai capacities have been determined for cyclopropane. cyelopctuanc. and cyclohexane. >3U The method of Kihani and Doraiswnmy1" wax used to calculate the heat capacity of cyelobutanc. Results agree with other calculated to within 7.5%. 

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