Production of Vegetable Oils

Refining of vegetable oils is a process during which phospholipids, free fatty acids, oxidized lipids, most prooxidants and impurities in crude oils are reduced as much as possible in order to produce oils with good oxidation stability and sensory quality 

Functional Foods BiocFiemical and Processing Aspects, Volume 2 

The relative composition of different vitamers remained constant during refining of soybean oil (Jung et al., 1989) and rapeseed oil (Schone et al., 1998), but in one study, a-tocopherol was selectively adsorbed on the bleaching clay (Prior et al., 1991). 

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KAJIMOTO G, YOSHIDA H and SHIBAHARA A (1989) Decomposition of tocopherol in oils by oxidative products of vegetable oils, and the accelerating effect of fatty acid on the decomposition of tocopherol , Nippon Eiyo-to Shokuryo Gakkaishi, 42 (4) 313-8. 

Limitations to vegetable oil use are costs and potential production. Production of vegetable oil is limited by available land area. Vegetable oil fuels are not as competitive as petroleum-based fuels because they are more expensive than petroleum fuels. However, with recent increases in petroleum prices and uncertainties concerning petroleum availability, there is renewed interest in using vegetable oils in diesel engines. 

Global production and export estimates for fats and oils for 2003/2004 are shown in Table 34.7. Approximately 39 percent of the world s production of vegetable oils, and an additional 20 percent of oilseeds grown, enter... 

Brominated Vegetable Oil occurs as a pale yellow to dark brown, viscous, oily liquid. It is a bromine addition product of vegetable oil or oils. It is soluble in chloroform, in ether, in hexane, and in fixed oils, and is insoluble in water. 

Figure 32. Distribution of world production of vegetable oils in 2001-2002 [based on (129)].

This batch mode operation for solids even if quasi-continuous and according to the countercurrent principle affects the economics and restricts the application to products which provide a certain added value or to separation cases which caimot be solved otherwise. For this reason large-scale operations like the production of vegetable oils is still the domain of hexane extraction, but there are many other examples where the COj-process is highly competitive or offers new unique possibilities and solvent-free products. 

Willner, Th., JeB, U. and Weber, K. (1997) Effect of process parameters on die balance of tocopherols in the production of vegetable oils. Fett/Lipid, 99, 138-147. 

Iodized Oil. Lipiodol. An iodine addition product of vegetable oils, contg 38-42% organically combined iodine. 

Badri, K. H. Process for the production of vegetable oil-based polyurethane polyols. Malaysia Patent MY 145094-A (2012). 

Biorefining is not a new activity production of vegetable oils, beer and wine requiring pretreatment, separation and conversion techniques developed thousands of years ago, and a Chinese official started paper production around AD 100. Industrial biorefining was initiated by the introduction of steam-driven paper machines in the nineteenth century. Most innovations are, however, related to developments in food production crystalline sugar, potato starch (early and mid-nineteenth century), wheat and corn starch (early twentieth century) and, recently, soy oil, proteins, and vitamins. Industrial processing techniques, developed in Europe and North America, are applied worldwide and serve as examples of biorefining evolvement. Some are discussed here. 

The pyrolysis products of vegetable oils and wood are highly dependent on the chemical composition of the raw material, and the elemental composition of biofuels typically resembles that of biomass. One possibility is to apply fast pyrolysis to these raw materials directly or after their alkaline hydrolysis for manufacturing liquid fuels (mainly biodiesel).An interesting approach is also the direct pyrolysis of the CTO soap for producing biofuel. In this process concept, sodium could also be recovered simultaneously in the form of Na2C03, thus eliminating, for example, the... 

Lappi H,Alen R. Production of vegetable oil-based biofuels—thermochemical behavior of fatty acid sodium salts during pyroiysis.JAnal Appl Pyrolysis 2009 86 274-80. 

Some processes are already applied in commercial industrial production plants, but others are still in need of development to reach commercialization. The production of vegetable oils for food has been a commercial process since a long time ago. The same is true for the traditional use of fatty acid esters in cosmetics and detergents. However, the microbial production of fatty acids (natural and unnatural) is stiU in its infancy. New applications for vegetable triglyceride oils and crude tall oil (CTO) are also at a laboratory... 

Although the main input in the production of vegetable oils and fats comes from agriculture, there are close links with sectors such as chemical and capital goods, which play highly important roles as depicted in Figure... 

In 2009, 150 Mio. tonnes of natural oils and fats were produced worldwide (Rosillo-Calle, Pelkmans, and Walter, 2009). The lion s share is vegetable oils with 86%, and only 16% is animal fats (Gunstone, 2011). The main application and products of vegetable oils are (Figure 5.1.31) ... 

Table 12.64 Distribution and changes of selected pesticides in production of vegetable oils. ...

Descriptions of the processes used in the production of vegetable oils and related products follow. 

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