Water soluble acrylic copolymer

Jurecic, A. (1973). Water-soluble acrylic copolymer dental cements. British Patent 1,304,987 US Patent 3,741,926. 

Receipt, properties and application of water soluble acrylic copolymers, Moscow, Chemistry , 1982, 280p. 

The alternative route of preparing water reducible resins using emulsion polymerisation of an acid functional acrylic resin has already been considered under emulsion example 7 - preparation of a water soluble acrylic copolymer. 

Fluid loss additives such as solid particles and water-thickening polymers may be added to the drilling mud to reduce fluid loss from the well bore to the formation. Insoluble and partially soluble fluid loss additives include bentonite and other clays, starch from various sources, crushed walnut hulls, lignite treated with caustic or amines, resins of various types, gilsonite, benzoic acid flakes, and carefully sized particles of calcium borate, sodium borate, and mica. Soluble fluid loss additives include carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), low molecular weight hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), carboxy-methYlhydroxyethyl cellulose (CMHEC), and sodium acrylate. A large number of water-soluble vinyl copolymers and terpolymers have been described as fluid loss additives for drilling and completion fluids in the patent literature. However, relatively few appear to be used in field operations. 

Block Synthesis. Water-soluble block copolymers are formed from the copolymerization of macromonomers of methacrylates with acrylic and methacrylic acid monomers and their solution properties compared with random copolymers of similar composition (224). Diblock and triblock copolymers may be prepared by a number of techniques and are also used on ink-jet inks (225) and scale inhibition in water boilers (226), respectively. Associative properties of block polymers to form micellar structures are well established (227,228). Triblock polyampholyte polymers are also known (229). 

Light scattering measurements based on turbidimetric titration have been applied to a wide range of polymers including PE [164], PP [165], PS [166-170], polymethylstyrene [171], PVC [172], chlorinated PVC-styrene [165], polyethylene oxide [173], polyphenylene oxide [174], PET [175,176], PEG [166], PS [177-179], styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymer [180], water-soluble acrylic acid and acryloamide copolymers [181], poly-a-methylstyrene [182], PS-block-polyisoprene [183], and poly(esterurethane) [184]. 

The objective of the present work was to demonstrate efficient routes to sugar-based vinyl monomers based on enzyme selectivity, determine whether 6-O -acryl glucoside was polymerizable and to synthesize water-soluble acrylic acid-based copolymers that also contain vinyl-sugar repeat units. 

Water soluble, acrylic acid-itaconic acid copolymers have been utilized for some time as a material to formulate a class of dental restoratives commonly called glass-ionomers. The latter type copolymer was modified with N-vinylpyrrolidone, as a route to improve the mechanical properties of this class of dental materials. Design of experiment (DOE) techniques were utilized to determine what ratio of monomers would provide the best set of properties. It was shown that poly(acrylic acid-co-itaconic acid-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone), with monomer ratios of 7 3 1 and 8 2 1, respectively, could be utilized to formulate matrix resins for glass-ionomers, where the new matrix resins had potential for providing improved performance materials, compared to known commercial glass-ionomer systems. 

Hydrophobe-modified copolymers of acrylate esters with acryflc or methacryflc acid are finding increasing use as high quality thickeners for both trade sales and industrial paints (186). Formulations thickened with these unique water-soluble polymers show excellent flow and leveling characteristics. 

Almost all synthetic binders are prepared by an emulsion polymerization process and are suppHed as latexes which consist of 48—52 wt % polymer dispersed in water (101). The largest-volume binder is styrene—butadiene copolymer [9003-55-8] (SBR) latex. Most SBRlatexes are carboxylated, ie, they contain copolymerized acidic monomers. Other latex binders are based on poly(vinyl acetate) [9003-20-7] and on polymers of acrylate esters. Poly(vinyl alcohol) is a water-soluble, synthetic biader which is prepared by the hydrolysis of poly(viayl acetate) (see Latex technology Vinyl polymers). 

Polyacrylic acid (pAA) homopolymers and related copolymers have become a commercially important class of water-soluble polymers. Acrylic acid polymers can range in molecular mass from less than 1000 Da to greater than 1,000,000 Da. A representative set of analysis conditions is... 

A water-soluble copolymer of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers, acrylamide-acrylate of silane or siloxane... 

J. B. Egraz, H. Grondin, and J. M. Suau. Acrylic copolymer partially or fully soluble in water, cured or not and its use (copolymere acrylique partiellement ou totalement hydrosoluble, reticule ou non et son utilisation). Patent EP 577526, 1994. 

Many synthetic water-soluble polymers are easily analyzed by GPC. These include polyacrylamide,130 sodium poly(styrenesulfonate),131 and poly (2-vinyl pyridine).132 An important issue in aqueous GPC of synthetic polymers is the effect of solvent conditions on hydrodynamic volume and therefore retention. Ion inclusion and ion exclusion effects may also be important. In one interesting case, samples of polyacrylamide in which the amide side chain was partially hydrolyzed to generate a random copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylamide exhibited pH-dependent GPC fractionation.130 At a pH so low that the side chain would be expected to be protonated, hydrolyzed samples eluted later than untreated samples, perhaps suggesting intramolecular hydrogen bonding. At neutral pH, the hydrolyzed samples eluted earlier than untreated samples, an effect that was ascribed to enlargement... 

Suspension of water soluble solids in oil can be achieved by a variety of chemical additives. Chemical suspension additives that have been suggested include alkyl mercaptophosphonic acids(174), organophylic clay plus hydroxypropyl cellulose(175), polyols(176), aluminum stearate(177), organophylic clay plus surfactant(178-181), aluminum phosphate esters(182), and acrylate copolymers(183-184). 

Many acrylic acid copolymers are water-soluble but unlike poly(vinyl alcohol) they are not degraded by alkali. In fact they need alkali for effective desizing as they are more soluble at alkaline pH than in neutral solutions. They are sensitive to acidic media, which should not be used. Solubilisation occurs by the formation of sodium carboxylate groups from the anionic polyacid. The polyelectrolyte formed in this way is readily soluble and shows a rapid rate of dissolution. However, the presence of electrolytes such as magnesium or calcium salts from hard water can inhibit removal [191]. 

The desizing of water-soluble size polymers can be summarised as follows. Batchwise or continuous methods can be used in both cases an adequate supply of hot water is needed during the washing-off. Hot water and detergent are needed to remove polyfvinyl alcohol) or carboxymethylcellulose. The addition of alkali may be beneficial with carboxymethylcellulose. Alkali is essential with modified starches and acrylic acid copolymers. Polyfvinyl alcohol) can be degraded effectively by alkaline oxidation. 

A new polymeric separator membrane has been developed for alkaline electrochemical systems (e.g. metal/air, Zn/Ni, Zn/Mn02, Zn/HgO etc.) by Schubert et It is a water-soluble copolymer of acrylic... 

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