Lignosulfonic acids

Note that some treatment operations choose a pollution prevention technique to dispose of the float. This involves feeding the float to animals. When this is done for the situation where the feed animals are used for human consumption, organic compounds such as chitosan, carrageenan, lignosulfonic acid,or their derivatives can be used. Use only compounds that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Office of Veterinary Medicine. 

Polyphenolic materials prepared from a polyphenolic material (humic acids, lignosulfonic acid, lignins, phenolic condensates, tannins) and phosphatides (lecithin) - [407]... 

Fats and, through the use of lignosulfonic acid, proteins can be Rotated from the wastewaters of slaughterhouses and other foodprocessing installations [Hopwood, Inst. Chem. Eng. Symp. Sen, 41, Ml (1975)]. After further treatment, the floated sludge has been fed to swine. 

More recently, Brauns and Seiler (12), (13) extracted native lignin from spruce wood and then homogenized the wood in a colloidal mill. A suspension of approximately one gram of colloidal wood per liter of water was obtained. After the colloidal wood was changed to a solid form, it was found that its cell structure was completely destroyed. However, extraction of this wood with ethyl alcohol at room temperature did not yield further quantities of native lignin. These investigators have also reported the isolation of a lignosulfonic acid-carbohydrate compound. 

A concentration step is often used in order to bring the sample within the concentration range of the method. Thus Stoeber and Eberle [433] extracted the lignosulfonic acids with trioctylamine in chloroform before final determination, and Revina and Kriul kov [434] employed spectrophotometric methods. Extraction is also used to remove interferences in spectrophotometric methods [435]. 

Some lignosulfonic acids are used as a tanning auxiliary. The tanning effect is due to the sulfonic acid groups and not to the phenolic hydroxyls in the product there is only about one free phenol group in every third Cg unit in hgnin and many of these may be sterically inaccessible. Leather tanned with lignosulfonates is therefore not water-proof. 

Lignosulfonic acid or modifications and derivatives of lignosulfonic acid and its salts. 

During sulfite pulping the fatty acid esters are saponified to an extent determined by the conditions. Some of the resin components can also become sulfonated, resulting in increased hydrophilicity and better solubility. However, the partial removal of resin that always occurs during sulfite cooking and subsequent mechanical treatment is mainly associated with the formation of finely dispersed resin particles in stable emulsions. The dissolved lignosulfonic acids act as detergents with respect to the lipophilic resin components. 

These fibers show higher crystallinity than the neat PVA fibers which are electrospun for comparison. The orientation of PVA or nanotubes is not mentioned in this work. In a very recent article, another group also investigated electrospun PVA/MWNTs fibers. The nanotubes and PVA were dispersed into a water/ethanol mixture in the presence of lignosulfonic acid sodium (45). 

Eisenbraun EW (1963) The separation and fractionation of lignosulfonic acids from spent sulfite liquor with tn-n-hexylamme m organic solvents Tappi 46.104-107 Felicetta VF, McCarthy JL (1957) Tappi 40.851-866 Forss KG, Pirhonen IMJ (1974) U S Patent No 3825526... 

Forss K, Fremer K-E (1978) Potentiometric titration of the acidic groups in lignosulfonic acids. Pap Puu 60 121-127... 

Nanotubes using lignosulfonic acid-doped polyaniline were prepared by Vis-wanathan [2]. 

Among the compounds shown in Table 9.3.1, there are a few containing sulfur. This is because the main pyrolysis product containing sulfur of lignosulfonic acids seems to be SO2. This is probably generated from sulfonated lignin by reactions of the type ... 

Van Loon, W. M. G. M., Boon, J. J., and de Groot, B. (1993). Quantitative analysis of sulfonic acid groups in macromolecular lignosulfonic acids and aquatic humic substances by temperature-resolved pyrolysis-mass spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 2387-2396. 

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