Indus Valley

Bitumen was used in ancient times as an adhesive for sealing hydraulic structures and as mortar for masonry (5]. The Bible mentions that Noah used pitch for caulking the Ark. Not unlike the Tower of Babylon, the houses of one of the most ancient cities in the world, Mohenjo-Daro in the upper Indus valley, were constructed with bricks of clay and bitumen monar [61. 

Bronze. Long before metallic tin was known, bronze was in common use. Jn Mesopotamia, in the Indus valley, and in Egypt, alloys of copper... 

About 4000 years ago the city of Moenjo-Daro perished. It was one of the first modern cities and was situated in the Indus valley, approximately 5000 km north of the present Karatchi in Pakistan. The city was very advanced. Its houses were made of weather-proof bricks and the bathrooms inside had water-proof tiling. There were even open, brick sewers connected to the drains of the houses. 

In about 2500 BC an urban civilization starts to develop in the Indus valley in what we now call Pakistan. This civilization is approximately equally old as the one in Mesopotamia. Important cit-... 

Indus valley, Pakistan 2.36 million in <10-1900 Holocene alluvial Mixed 2000... 

Results from Sindh province, down the Indus valley (to the south) from Punjab, indicate additional arsenic hotspots in groundwater (Appendix D). In 2001, the provincial Public Health Engineering Department found arsenic contamination in five of nine surveyed districts with 16 % of samples exceeding 50 pgL-1 (Haque, 2005). In follow-up sampling conducted between 2002 and 2004, almost 15000 (22%) of field tests yielded arsenic concentrations of >10pgL-1 and 4317 (6%) were >50pgL-1 (Haque, 2005). The worst-affected district was Dadu with 29% of samples >10 pgL-1 and 10% >50pg L-1 (Haque, 2005). 

Commercial production of sugar in the Indus valley was reported during Alexander the Great s invasion in the period around 325 bce, but cane sugar did not reach Europe... 

Indus Valley civilization dates back to more than 3000 bc. The most well planned cities of Harappa and Mohenjodaro exemplify not only the rich cultural heritage of India, but also its advanced systems of hygiene and human health careV" ... 

Early analyses for 14 archaeological asphalts from various sources are collected in Table II. The late R. J. Forbes of the Shell Laboratories in Amsterdam contributed most, with samples from Ur and Babylon as well as from Mohenjo Daro in the Indus Valley far to the east (3). Analytical methods were not described clearly, yet several similarities in the results of diflEerent analysts are evident. The bitumen content of nine... 

As civilization and knowledge advanced still more, so did disease. Some 5,000 years ago the great mega-city empires of Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and the Yellow River began to arise, and in some intensely populated areas problems of sanitation posed the first issues of public health, but more important, these cities were supported by huge livestock, which in the case of cattle herds gave us diseases like smallpox. 

J. M. Kenoyer. 1998. Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. New York Oxford University Press/Karachi. 

Islamic Sunnis and Shiites in the Middle East have experienced violence since the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 622 a.d. The Sunni-Shia division has been a raw wound on the body of Islam since the eighth century when Moslem armies defeated those of the Persian Empire, an empire that stretched from Iberia to the Indus Valley. They manifest a fundamentalist hostility to Christianity, the other sect of the Moslem religion and the values of freedom and democracy. 

Following the Snap Ice Age a warm interglacial period was quickly reestablished that favored agriculture. About five thousand five hundred BCE, an urban type Samara civilization arose at Eridu in Sumer and in the Nile and Indus Valleys. First dynasty Egyptian society emerged in about 3400BCE. 

The Kurgans violently sacked cities in Europe as they had in the Indus Valley. Their culture was highly mobile and war-oriented. Everywhere they became the ruling class. 

Satyawadi, S. (1994). Proto-historic pottery of indus valley civilization Study of painted Motifs. New Delhi D.K. Printwoith. 

Idea of robots is very old. Puppets and mechanical toys have been found in 5000 year before at Indus Valley Civilization. German astronomer Johann Muller made an eagle that flew before the Emperor Maximillian when he entered Numbery (Deb 1994). The first use of the word robot appeared in 1921 in the play Rossum s Universal Robots (RUR) written by the Czech playwright Karel Capeck (1890-1938). The Czech word robota means forced labor. In 1940, Isacc Asimov... 

Cotton is domesticated for the production of cellulose in Central America and the Indus Valley Starch is used as an adhesive for the production of papyrus in ancient Egypt... 

Figure 20-20 Lead isotope ratios of silver ornaments compared with isotope ratios from known lead ore sources near the Indus River basin. Most isotope ratios from ornaments found near Allahdino match the ore composition from South Balochistan. Isotope ratios from ornaments found near Mohenjo-daro are similar to those from South Rajasthan and from one mine in Oman. [Adapted from R. W. Law and j. H. Burton, Am. Lab. News Ed., September 2008, p. 14 R. W. Law. Inter-Regional Interaction and Urbanism in the Ancient Indus Valley (Kyoto Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, 2010).]... 

The roots of distillation methods are attributed to Arabian Alchemists centuries with Avicenna (980-1037) describing the process of steam distillation, who is credited with inventing a coiled cooling pipe to prepare essential oils and aromatic waters. The rst description of distilling essen tial oils is generally attributed to the Spanish physician Arnaldus de Villa Nova (1235-1311) in the thirteenth century. However, in 1975, a perfectly preserved terracotta apparatus was found in the Indus Valley, which is dated to about 3000 BC and which is now displayed in a museum in Taxila, Pakistan. It looks like a primitive still and was presumable used to prepare aromatic waters. Further ndings indicate that distillation has also been practiced in ancient Turkey, Persia, and India as far back as 3000 BC. 

Planned communities are cities built from an urban plan since their founding. Some of the oldest are located in the Indus Valley of what is now Pakistan. These cities, planned on street grids with sewage and drainage systems, date from before 2500 b.c.e. 

B.C.E. Plumbing Earthenware pipes sealed together with asphalt first appear in the Indus Valley civilization. Greeks, Romans, and others provided cities with fresh water and a way to carry off sewre e. 

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