Waste material utilization

Keywords carbon-mineral adsorbents, pyrolysis, hydrothermal treatment, CCI4 vapors, waste material, utilization, structural characteristics, pore size distribution... 

These experimental test procedures, together with calculations of the acid-producing potential (APP) and acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC), are characteristic tools for the medium- and long-term prediction of metal release from all types of waste materials. Application of such prognostic tool will become even more important, when the rate of waste material utilization/ recycling is enhanced (in Germany up to 100% by the year 2020), and will intensify the contact of the secondary products with the soil environment. 

A series of studies were carried out aimed at investigating the practicability for industrial practice of using bark and agricultural residue components as substitutes for at least portions of phenol in phenol-formaldehyde resins. This research was designed both to study the opportunities for waste material utilization and to explore possible new sources of raw materials for resins and glue mixes. 

Miscellaneous. Hydrochloric acid is used for the recovery of semiprecious metals from used catalysts, as a catalyst in synthesis, for catalyst regeneration (see Catalysts, regeneration), and for pH control (see Hydrogen-ION activity), regeneration of ion-exchange (qv) resins used in wastewater treatment, electric utiUties, and for neutralization of alkaline products or waste materials. In addition, hydrochloric acid is also utilized in many production processes for organic and inorganic chemicals. 

The treatment of waste is the third element of the hierarchy and should be utilized only in the absence of feasible source reduction or recychng opportunities. Waste treatment involves the use of chemical, biological, or physical processes to reduce or eliminate waste material. The incineration of wastes is included in this categoiy and is considered preferable to other treatment methods (i.e., chemical, biological, and physical) because incineration can permanently destroy the hazardous components in waste materials (Ref. 4). It can also be employed to reduce the volume of waste to be treated. 

In contrast, with composite materials, the materials utilization factor is rarely higher than 1.2 to 1.3. That is, only a maximum of 20-30% of the material is wasted with composite structures. Whereas obviously with a materials utilization factor for some metal parts of 15-25, the waste is 1500-2500% Those are not individually typical numbers, but are the worst cases in both situations, i.e., for metals and composite materiais. For metals, there are many, many operations for which the waste factor is very iow. And for composite materials there are also many situations where the waste factor is much lower than 20-30%. The point is that the worst-case situations are totaliy different for these two kinds of materials based on the way objects are inherently created with the two different types of materials. Composite materials are built up until the limits of the desired geometry are reached. At that point, the layup operation simpiy ceases. Composite materials and structures are fabricated in as ciose to the final configuration as possible, i.e., so-calied near-net shape. 

Abfallerzeugnis, n. waste product. Abf everWertung,/. utilization of waste. Abfall-fett, n. waste fat or grease, -gummi, n. waste rubber, scrap rubber, -gut, n. waste material (to be treated for recovery), -hefe, /. waste yeast, -holz, n. waste wood, abfallig, a. falling off, sloping, etc. (see abfallen) deciduous adverse. 

Waste products from a number of commercial processes can be used as cheap and readily available fillers for PCM. For example, lightweight structural materials may be obtained by filling various low-viscous resins with waste materials [4, 5]. Also by adding fillers to reprocessed polymers it is possible to improve their properties considerably and thus return them to service [6]. This method of waste utilization is not only economically feasible but also serves an ecological purpose, since it will help to protect the environment from contamination. The maximum percentage of the filler should in these cases be such as to assure reliable service of the article made from the PCM under specified conditions for a specified period of time. 

Both in the USA and the EU, the introduction of renewable fuels standards is likely to increase considerably the consumption of bioethanol. Lignocelluloses from agricultural and forest industry residues and/or the carbohydrate fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) will be the future source of biomass, but starch-rich sources such as corn grain (the major raw material for ethanol in USA) and sugar cane (in Brazil) are currently used. Although land devoted to fuel could reduce land available for food production, this is at present not a serious problem, but could become progressively more important with increasing use of bioethanol. For this reason, it is important to utilize other crops that could be cultivated in unused land (an important social factor to preserve rural populations) and, especially, start to use cellulose-based feedstocks and waste materials as raw material. 

Unlike common industrial parks where factories are selected simply on the basis of their willingness to share the real estate, environmentally balanced industrial complexes (EBIC) are a selective collection of compatible industrial plants located together in a complex so as to minimize environmental impacts and industrial production costs [24,33]. These objectives are accomplished by utilizing the waste materials of one plant as the raw materials for another with a minimum of transportation, storage, and raw materials preparation costs. It is obvious that when an industry neither needs to treat its wastes, nor is required to import, store, and pretreat its raw materials, its overall production costs must be reduced significantly. Additionally, any material reuse costs in an EBIC will be difficult to identify and more easily absorbed into reasonable production costs. 

Slightly highertemperature(80-120°C), lower cost membrane materials for more efficient waste heat utilization for cogeneration in stationary/distributed applications or as process heat in a fuel reformer, reducing radiator size for transportation applications and for reduced carbon monoxide (CO) management requirements. 

Based on data from a pilot-scale demonstration of this technology, capital costs for such a facility can vary depending on many factors such as size, location, required utilities, etc. It is believed that for a facility to handle from 2 to 20 tons of waste material per day would cost about 5 million (1992 dollars). The cost of this demonstration was approximately 3.5 million (1992 dollars) (D13741H). 

The cost to treat 44,000 tons of contaminated soil and sediment at the Re-Solve Superfund site in North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, was approximately 6,800,000. This represents a unit cost of 155 per ton of soil treated. These costs include site preparation, mobilization, and demobilization of the unit, capital equipment, startup, labor, consumable materials, utilities, handling of residues and waste associated with the unit, transportation, disposal, maintenance, and modification (D19666B, p. 142). 

It further addresses the importance of using some types of energy-derived waste as alternative raw materials for certain valuable components. Moreover, the book showcases research on how certain waste materials can be utilized for energy production, an increasingly important aspect of modem integrated waste management strategies. The main objectives are to ... 

However, overall utilization of coal combustion products is low, with the result that coal extraction and combustion yields a copious supply of waste materials. These present serious ecological and environmental problems of management and stewardship. 

A promising and relatively new way to utilize both whole and processed old tyres (Fig. 1) is to recover the energy contained in this waste material. As an energy source, tyres represent an attractive alternative to other fuels due to their high heating value. On average, the... 

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