Agricultural residue

Agricultural crops Agricultural residues Agriculturaluse Agncultural uses Agn culture... 

Utihty production of biomass-fueled electric power is much less than nonutiUty production. In early 1985, there were only 18 faciUties having a total capacity of 245 MW, ie, nine fueled with wood (180.7 MW), five fueled with MSW (33.8 MW), two fueled with agricultural residues (22.5 MW), and two fueled with digester gas (8 MW) (112,113). The largest was the 50-MW plant in Burlington, Vermont (114). 

Biomass. Biomass is simply defined for these purposes as any organic waste material, such as agricultural residues, animal manure, forestry residues, municipal waste, and sewage, which originated from a living organism (70—74). 

Wood is one of our most important renewable biomass resources. Unlike most biomass sources, wood is available year round and is more stable on storage than other agricultural residues. In the United States, wood residues from iadustrial by-products totaled 60.8 x 10 metric tons ia 1993 (73). Increasiagly, residues are iacorporated iato manufactured wood products and are used as a fuel, replacing petroleum, especially at wood-iadustry plants (73) some is converted to charcoal but most is used ia the pulp and paper iadustry. Residues are also available for manufacturiag chemicals, generally at a cost equivalent to their fuel value (see Fuels frombiomass Fuels fromwaste). 

Charcoal briquet production from all sources in-cluding wood, bark, lignite, coal, and agricultural residue. 

One of the most promising substrates for future production of microbial biomass is the ceUulose contained in agricultural residues such as wood pulp, sawdust, feed-lot waste, com stover, rice huUs, nut sheUs, and bagasse, aU of which contain ceUulose as the principal carbon source. CeUulose contents range from 90% in cotton to 15—20% in dicotyledon leaves. Wood residues and grasses contain mixtures of ceUulose, hemiceUulose, and lignin. The major... 

A major source of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons is open burning of agricultural residue. Over 2.5 million metric tons of particulate matter per year are added to the atmosphere over the United States from burning rice, grass straw and stubble, wheat straw and stubble. 

Vettorazzi G. 1975. State of the art of the toxicological evaluation carried out by the Joint EAOAVHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues I. Organohalogenated pesticides used in public health and agriculture. Residue Rev 56 107-134. 

In many respects, crop production has advanced little in the last two decades. More tools (herbicides and insecticides) are available for use by producers, but in many cases we have not fully utilized lessons learned earlier. Residue management seems to be one of those cases. In no-till agriculture, residue management techniques will have to be developed—by engineering, chemical, or biological means—for the system to function. 

Zanzi, R., Sjostrom, K. and Bjornbom, E., Rapid Pyrolysis of Agricultural Residues at High Temperatures, submitted to Biomass Bioenergy, 2001... 

Vasconcellos ML de (2008) Co-digestion of municipal organic waste and agricultural residues. ECN/ORBIT Workshop, Numberg... 

Xylan occurs in practically all land plants and is said to be present in some marine algae.6 In both wide botanical distribution and abundance in nature it closely follows cellulose and starch. It is most abundant in annual crops, particularly in agricultural residues such as corn cobs, corn stalks, grain hulls and stems. Here it occurs in amounts ranging from 15 to 30%. Hard woods contain 20 to 25% xylan while soft woods contain 7 to 12 %. Spring wood has more pentosan than summer wood. 7 Low strength vegetable fibers of commerce such as jute, sisal, Manila... 

Although most ethanol is now produced from corn, research has been done on producing this type of alcohol fuel from cellulosic biomass products including energy crops, forest and agricultural residues, and MSW, which would provide much cheaper feedstocks. The process of chemically converting these cellulosic biomass feedstocks is more involved and until this process can be simplified the price of ethanol will remain high. 

Wood and wood waste includes residues from the forest and the mill. Bark, sawdust and other mill wastes are all suitable fuels. Agricultural residues include corncobs, sugar cane bagasse (the stalks after processing), leaves, and rice hulls. MSW materials include paper products, cloth, yard wastes, construction debris, and packaging materials. 

The direct combustion of wood and other plant matter has been a primary energy source in the past. Any type of biomass can be burned to produce heat or steam to turn a generator or perform mechanical work. Direct combustion is used in large power plants that produce up to 400 megawatts. Most direct combustion systems can use any type of biomass as long as the moisture content is less than 60%. Wood and wood residues are commonly used along with a number of other agricultural residues. 

The Renewables-Intensive Global Energy Scenario (RIGES) predicts a primary energy potential from biomass resources for Western Europe to be 14160 PJ/year by 2025 and 14 170 PJ/year by 2050 (Johansson et al., 1993). Thereby the biomass potential comprises resources from wood, energy crops, agricultural residues and industrial biomass residues. The estimates are based on the biomass production at that time in combination with assumptions of future growth rates. 

Hoogwijk et al. (2005) assume the biomass energy potential in Western Europe from energy crops, agricultural residues, forest residues and industrial biogenic residues to be of the order of 10000 PJ/year and 16000 PJ/year by 2050. The analysis is based on the IMAGE 2.2 model using the four scenarios from the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES), (Nakicenovic, 2000) as main assumptions for the included food demand and supply. 

In this context, Fig. 5.16 indicates the dynamic evolution of the identified biomass primary potentials at the EU25 level, whilst Table 5.5 shows a detailed breakdown of corresponding fuel costs for the considered biomass options, including agricultural products or energy crops (e.g., rapeseed and sunflower, miscanthus), agricultural residues (straw), forestry products (e.g., wood chips), forestry residues and biowaste. 

Forestry imports > Biodegradable waste Forestry residues Forestry products Agricultural residues a Agricultural products... 

The gasification process can use a variety of biomass resources, such as agricultural residues and wastes, or specifically grown energy crops. The technologies for gasifying... 

Fig. 1.15 Key global biomass resources from agricultural residues, wood, and herbaceous energy crops. (A. J. Ragauskas et al., Science, 311,484 (2006). Reprinted with permission from AAAS [7]).

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