Residue industry

Figure 5. Motivations for entry into the agricultural residues industry segment...

Wood Residues Industrial wood residues are coproducts of the sawmilling industry like shavings, sawdust, and wood chips as well as residues of other parts of forest industry. Sawmilling residues are mainly used as a raw material for board as well as pulp and paper industry. The other residues are mainly used for heat and/or power generation. On a global scale, data on production and consumption of industrial wood residues are not available. According to Mantau [28] in 2008 the amount of industrial wood residues in Germany was 24.1 million m (cf. Table 4.5). 

Arsenic Nervous system effects 0.010 Geological, pesticide residues, industrial waste, smelter operations... 

Wang-sheng Yan. A review of manganese ore resources in China and the development of manganese residual industry , China s Manganese Industry, 26(1)(2008), 7-12. (in Chinese)... 

There are two categories of white oils technical white oils and medicinal white oils. The technical white oils, which are already highly dearomatized, are used for specialized lubricants, particularly in the textile industry, and also as components in cosmetics, as plasticizers in the rubber or plastics industries, or as emulsion bases for certain pulverized agriculture products. The medicinal white oils, whose dearomatization is pushed further still, are used in pharmaceuticals, or in the food industry, wherever residual oils might be in contact with food. 

The visbreaking process thermally cracks atmospheric or vacuum residues. Conversion is limited by specifications for marine or Industrial fuel-oil stability and by the formation of coke deposits in equipment such as heaters and exchangers. 

Applied to atmospheric residue, its purpose is to produce maximum diesel oil and gasoline cuts while meeting viscosity and thermal stability specifications for industrial fuels. 

Applied to vacuum residue, its purpose is to reduce the viscosity of the feedstock to a maximum so as to minimize the addition of light diluents for production of fuel-oil for industrial uses. 

The 0 -S.V alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution Is prepared by dissolving 16g. of potassium hydroxide pellets in 500 ml. of alcohol (or industrial spirit) contained in a bottle closed by a cork. After standing for 24 hours, the clear solution is decanted or filtered from the residue of potassium carbonate. It is said that a solution in methyl alcohol has better keeping qualities than that in ethyl alcohol. 

A photochemical partial synthesis of aldosterone (19) made the hormone available on an industrial scale for the first time (114). Corticosterone acetate (51 acetate) is treated with nitrosyl chloride in pyridine at 20°C to yield the 11-nitrite (115). Irradiation of (115) leads to rearrangement with formation of the C g-oxime (116). Removal of the oxime residue with nitrous acid furnishes aldosterone (19) in excellent yield. 

Under the pressure of progressively more stringent government regulations with regard to permissible levels of residual NH and urea content in wastewaters, the fertilizer industry made an effort to improve wastewater treatment (see also Water, sewage). 

Industrial Hquid chlorine is routinely analy2ed for moisture, chlorine, other gaseous components, NCl, and mercury foUowing estabHshed procedures (10,79). Moisture and residue content in Hquid chlorine is determined by evaporation at 20°C foUowed by gravimetric measurement of the residue. Eree chlorine levels are estimated quantitatively by thiosulfate titration of iodine Hberated from addition of excess acidified potassium iodide to the gas mixture. 

Water Treatment. Chlorine is an excellent bacteriostat, unsurpassed for use in residual water treatment and growth is expected to remain flat through 1992. Attempts by municipal and industrial water treatment faciHties to improve economics by increasing chemical efficiency and concerns over chlorine s involvement in the formation of undesirable organic compounds are the reasons for 2ero growth. 

Chemical bleaching is never used on oils intended for edible use because it oxidizes unsaturated fatty acids to cause off-flavors. However, it does find wide usage for specialty linseed oil, for the paint industry, and fatty chemicals such as sorbitan esters of fatty acids and sodium stearoyl lactylate. Residual peroxide is destroyed by heating above its decomposition temperature. 

Naphthalene, anthracene, carbazole [86-74-8] phenol [108-95-2] and cresyUc acids are found in the tar. Phenol and cresyUc acids are useful as chemical and resin intermediates. The aromatic chemicals are useful in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, dyes, fragrances, and pesticides. Various grades of pitch are made from residues of tar refining. Coal-tar pitch is used for roofing and road tar, and as a binder mixed with petroleum coke to produce anodes for the aluminum industry. 

Thermoformability is a property required by the many sheet materials used in the thermoforming industry. These properties are unique for the specific forming methods used, and are best determined by actual thermoforming tests on smaU-scale equipment. The softening or drape temperature of the material, residual stress in the sheet from its manufacture, and its melt strength and viscosity are important parameters relating to this use. 

Starch is a polysaccharide found in many plant species. Com and potatoes are two common sources of industrial starch. The composition of starch varies somewhat in terms of the amount of branching of the polymer chains (11). Its principal use as a flocculant is in the Bayer process for extracting aluminum from bauxite ore. The digestion of bauxite in sodium hydroxide solution produces a suspension of finely divided iron minerals and siUcates, called red mud, in a highly alkaline Hquor. Starch is used to settle the red mud so that relatively pure alumina can be produced from the clarified Hquor. It has been largely replaced by acryHc acid and acrylamide-based (11,12) polymers, although a number of plants stiH add some starch in addition to synthetic polymers to reduce the level of residual suspended soHds in the Hquor. Starch [9005-25-8] can be modified with various reagents to produce semisynthetic polymers. The principal one of these is cationic starch, which is used as a retention aid in paper production as a component of a dual system (13,14) or a microparticle system (15). 

Large-scale SCP production processes for growing yeasts of the genus Candida from hydrocarbon substrates were developed by British Petroleum Co., Ltd. and Kanegafuchi Chemical Industry, Ltd. of Japan (57). However, the 100,000-t/yr capacity plants based on these processes, and constmcted in Sardinia and Italy, were abandoned because of regulatory agency questions regarding residual hydrocarbon contents of the products (2,3). 

Cmde oil can be easily separated into its principal products, ie, gasoline, distillate fuels, and residual fuels, by simple distillation. However, neither the amounts nor quaUty of these natural products matches demand. The refining industry has devoted considerable research and engineering effort as well as financial resources to convert naturally occurring molecules into acceptable fuels. Industry s main challenge has been to devise new ways to meet the tremendous demand for gasoline without, at the same time, overproducing other petroleum products. 

To minimize the effects of this difficulty, an initiator is frequentiy employed. Among the numerous suggestions in the Hterature, the most satisfactory industrial procedure is to retain a portion of the Grignard from the preceding batch and to add this portion to the initial ether charge. The purpose of this procedure is to eliminate residual water and to clean the magnesium surface. Once this initiator has been added, the hahde is added at a rate deterrnined by the temperature and the pressure in the reaction vessel. 

Larch Gum. Larch gum [37320-79-9] (larch arabinogalactan) is obtained by water extraction of the western larch tree, iLarix occidentalism the heartwood of which contains 5—35% on a dry wood basis. In the early 1960s, a countercurrent hot water extraction system was developed, and the gum was produced commercially by the St. Regis Paper Co. under the trade name Stractan. The potential production capacity of this gum is 10,000 t/yr based on the wood residues from the lumber industry. However, the product could not compete with gum arabic, and commercial production is now limited to small batches for a specific medical appHcation. 

The 35 and 50% H2O2 concentrations are used for most industrial appHcations. The standard grades contain sufficient stabilizers to ensure safety. Grades having lower stabilizer content and evaporative residue are available for specialty uses and for aseptic cleansing of containers in food processing and marketing. 

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