Prognostic tools

Reppas, C., Shah, V. P. Dissolution testing as a prognostic tool for oral drug absorption immediate release dosage forms. Pharm. Res. 1998, 15, 11-22. 

Giuffre G, Mormandi F, Barresi V, Bordi C, Tuccari G, Barresi G (2006) Quantity of AgNOR in gastric endocrine carcinoid tumours as a potential prognostic tool. Eur J Histochem... 

Ware JH. The limitations of risk factors as prognostic tools. N EnglJ Med 2006,355 2615-2611. Conrad DF, Jakobsson M, Coop G et al. A worldwide survey of haplotype variation and linkage disequilibrium in the human genome. Nat Genet 2006 38 1251-1260. 

Ocular damaging and irritant agents can be identified and evaluated by the Draize rabbit test [114]. However, more recently this test has been criticized on the basis of ethical considerations and unreliable prognosis of human response. Alternative methods such as the evaluation of toxicity on ocular cell cultures have been recommended and are being indicated as promising prognostic tools [115-120]. Direct confocal microscopic analysis [121], hydration level of isolated corneas [122], and various other tests on isolated corneas or animal eyes have also been proposed for evaluation of ocular toxic effects. 

Hochli D, Riemann D, Zulley J, Berger M (1986) Initial REM sleep suppression by clomipramine a prognostic tool for treatment response in patients with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 21 1217-1220... 

Comer J, Tam KY (2001) Lipophilicity Profiles Theory and Measurement. In Testa B, van de Waterbeemd H, Folk-ers G, Guy R (eds) Pharmacokinetic Optimization in Drug Research Biological, Physicochemical and Computational Strategies VHCA Zurich, 275-304 Dressman JB, Amidon GL, Reppas C et al. (1998) Dissolution testing as a prognostic tool for oral drug absorbtion. Pharm Res 15(1) 11-22... 

Eikmans, M., Baelde, H. J., de Heer, E., and Bruijn, J. A. RNA expression profiling as prognostic tool in renal patients toward nephrogenomics. Kidney Int. 62,1125-1135, 2002. Gibbs, A. Comparison of the specificity and sensitivity of traditional methods for assessment of nephrotoxicity in the rat with metabonomic and proteomic methodologies. J. Appl. Toxicol. 25, 277-295, 2005. 

Recent research has shown that the risk of stroke immediately after TIA or minor stroke is considerable (Giles and Rothwell 2007 Wu et al. 2007). However, this poses a challenge to clinical services because although the majority of patients will, by definition, have suffered a transient illness with no immediate major sequelae, an important minority are at risk of a major stroke in the short term. Prognostic tools have, therefore, been developed to identify patients at high (and low) risk in order to inform public education, aid effective triage to secondary care and direct secondary preventive treatment. 

Other prognostic tools, such as measurements of cerebral reactivity and emboli load on transcranial Doppler (Molloy and Markus 1999 MacKinnon et al. 2005 Markus and... 

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