Voluntary Product Standards

APA (1995) Construction and Industrial Plywood, Voluntary Product Standard PSl. US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC... 

Nishiyama Y, Sugiyama 1, Chanzy H and Langan P (2003) Crystal structure and hydrogenbonding system in cellulose la from synchrotron x-ray and neutron fiber diffraction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125(47) 14300-6 Nishiyama Y, Kim U-1, Kim D-Y, Katsumata KS, May RP and Langan P (2003) Periodic disorder along ramie cellulose microfibrils. Biomacromolecules, 4 1013-7 NIST (1995) Voluntary product standard PS 1-95. Construction and industrial plywood. US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland... 

NIST (2004) Performance Standard for Wood-Based Structural-Used Panels, Voluntary Product Standard. PS 2-04. US Department of Commerce, Washington, DC Nomura Y (1980) Quinone additive cooking. Japan TAPPI, 34 ) 50-5 Nurmi AJ and Lindroos L (1994) Recycling of treated timber by copper smelter. Intemational Research Group on Wood Preservation, Document No. 94-500-30 Nylinder P (1958) Aspects of quahty production Part 2 (in Swedish). Skogen, 45(23) 714 and 717-8... 

Thus, design values are based on the strain-to-first-crack or the empirical weep point. For normal design conditions a strain of 0.0018 in./in. is used, which provides a five-to-one safety factor. For transient design conditions a strain of 0.0030 in./in. is used, for a safety factor of approximately three to one. To those familiar with the design safety factors of other pipe manufacturers following NBS Voluntary Product Standard PS 15-69, these safety factors may seem modest. However, PS 15-69 is based on the ultimate tensile strength of the material. 

B-2.1.1.3 List of Voluntary Product Standards, Commercial Standards, and Simplified Practice Recommendations... 

This brief, free NBS publication is intended to assist all interested parties in obtaining copies of Voluntary Product Standards, Commercial Standards, and Simplified Practice Recommendations published by the US Department of Commerce. It contains subject and numerical indexes of the standards available, and instructions for ordering them. 

Voluntary Product Standards are standards developed under procedures established by the Department of Commerce. The standards may include dimensional requirements for standard sizes and types of various products technical requirements and methods of testing, grading, or marking. The objective of a Voluntary Product Standard is to establish requirements which are in accordance with the principal demands of the industry and, at the same time, are not contrary to the public interest. 

Documents identified by the abbreviations (CS) and (R) are being phased out and replaced by Voluntary Product Standards. 

ASTM, The American Society for Testing and Materials, is a scientific and technical organization that develops standards for a wide variety of materials and products. It is the world s largest source of voluntary consensus standards. 

In Japan, the standard Eco Mark Product Category No. 102 Printing Ink Version 2.6 [26] sets on a voluntary basis standards for an environmentally friendly composition of printing inks. Since introduction of this standard in 1997, more than 90% of all offset inks in Japan were reformulated to inks free from aromatic compounds ( white oil ). To fulfil the above-mentioned standard, the inks should be based on vegetable oils. They should not contain more than 1 vol.% of aromatic hydrocarbons ( white oils ). Additionally, sheet-fed offset inks should not contain more than 30% of crude oil-based solvents and not more than 3% VOC. Web offset inks should contain no more than 45% crude oil solvents (which seems not really to be a progress in comparison to typical standard inks). By the way, it is expected from vegetable oil-based inks that the print products are as deinkable as conventional mineral oil-based offset inks. 

Standards Universal production standards, assured through accreditation and inspection No universal standards. Voluntary codes of conduct and self-regula-tion becoming more common... 

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is a not-for-profit organization that provides a forum for the development and publication of voluntary consensus standards for materials, products, systems, and services.67 One ASTM committee (E27) develops standardized physical and chemical test methods on the hazard potential of chemicals, including but not limited to reactive hazards. The committee has developed standard analytical methods for calorimetry studies in addition to a standard guide for determining binary chemical compatibility (ASTM, 2000). 

ASTM is one of the world s largest sources of voluntary consensus standards for materials, products, systems, and services (4). It is the primary management system for standards development in the United States and has more than 6100 standards under copyright. It currently has about 153 main technical committees (about 1935 subcommittees and sections) working on standards in diverse areas such as steel, plastics, textiles, sports equipment, consumer products, security systems and equipment, surgical inplants, and meat products. 

Federal, State, and Local Governments. Government bodies develop and use standards for many purposes, principally for procurement and regulation. For example, the Environmental Protection Agency sets standards for protection of the environment, the Department of Defense sets standards for procurement in those areas for which voluntary consensus standards do not apply, and the Office of Federal Supply and Services provides specifications for procurement of a host of products from erasers to office furniture. The Congressional Joint Committee on... 

Chemical products have to be fit for their intended purpose and may be covered by mandatory or advisory product standards. They will certainly be subject to civil legislation on product liability. Industry association voluntary codes of practice may apply, or... 

Under Section 7(a)(1) of the CPSA, the Commission may promulgate consumer product safety standards that enhance product safety by prescribing (1) requirements concerning product performance, or (2) requirements that a consumer product be marked with or accompanied by clear and adequate warnings or instructions. The Consumer Product Safety Amendments of 1981 stress Congress preference for the adoption of voluntary safety standards in lieu of mandatory federal requirements. In its amended form. Section 7(b) provides that the Commission shall rely upon voluntary consumer product safety standards. . . whenever compliance with such voluntary standards would eliminate or adequately reduce the risk of injury addressed and it is likely there will be substantial compliance with such voluntary standards. ... 

The mission of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is to be the foremost developer and provider of voluntary consensus standards, related technical information, and services having internationally recognized quality and applicability that (1) promote public health and safety, (2) contribute to the reliability of materials, products, systems and services, and (3) facilitate national, regional, and international commerce. See website http //www.astm.org. 

In the absence of specific rules as referred to in paragraph I (above), the conformity of a product to the general safety requirement shall be assessed having regard to voluntary national standards giving effect to a European standard or, failing these, to standards drawn up in the member state in which the product is in circulation. ... 

American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) a not-for-profit organization that provides a forum for the development and publication of voluntary consensus standards for materials, products, systems, and services. 

Establishes voluntary consensus standards for materials, products, systems, and services. 

This contribution wQI address the production of voluntary national standards under the processes developed and administered by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Illustrative examples will be largely drawn from the nuclear standards program. 

ASTM American Society for Testing Materials is a globally recognized leader in the development and delivery of voluntary consensus standards. Currently, more than 12,000 ASTM standards are used worldwide to improve product quahty, enhance health and safety, strengthen market access and trade, and build consumer confidence. 

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