Standard Products

The purpose of the nondestructive control consists in detecting local modifications of the material parameters which, by their presence can endanger the quality of the half-finished or finished products. The electromagnetic nondestructive control permits to render evident surface and subsurface discontinuities in the electroconductive material under test. The present tendency of this control is to pass from a qualitative evaluation (the presence or absence of the material discontinuities which give at the output of the control equipment a signal higher or at least equal to that coming from a standard discontinuity whose shape and severity has been prescribed by the product standards) to a quantitative one, which enables to locate as exactly as possible the discontinuity and to make predictions over its shape and severity. 

It can be concluded, that indications with lengths of more than about 1.5 mm can be detected with high probability (100%). This confirms with the recommended smallest acceptance level (optimum conditions) of 1.5 mm (registration level) in various product standards (e g. as [10]). It is self evident that smaller indications (1 = 0.6 mm) will be detected too, but the correlations explained above, clearely indicates a decreasing probability of detection with decreasing length of indications. 

Two main types of harmonised standards can be distinguished the product standards and the horizontal standards. The latter, as their denomination indicates, contain issues of a horizontal nature, e.g. for materials or provisions relating to welding or welder approvals. These standards should be formulated in such a way as to be self-sufficient. That means it should be possible to apply them without having to use individual product standards. 

Specifications, Standards, Quality Control, and Health and Safety Factors. APA-The Engineered Wood Association represents the softwood plywood and oriented strandboard industries in the areas of specification, standards, and quaHty control (QC). An APA product standard, PSl-95 (6), discusses the above areas in detail. The following listing summarizes plywood characteristics covered in PSl-95. 

Construction and Industrial Plywood APA Product Standard PSl-95, APA—The Engineered Wood Association, Tacoma, Wash., 1995. 

Product standards may stipulate performance characteristics, dimensions, quaUty factors, methods of measurement, and tolerances and safety, health, and environmental protection specifications. These are introduced principally to provide for interchangeabiUty and reduction of variety. The latter procedure is referred to as rationalization of the product offering, ie, designation of sizes, ratings, etc, for the attribute range covered and the steps within the range. The designated steps may foUow a modular format or a preferred number sequence. 

Etom the customer s point of view, there is an optimal level of standardization. Increased standardization lowers costs but restricts choice. Furthermore, if a single minimal performance product standard is rigorously invoked in an industry, competition in a free market ultimately may lead the manufacturer of a superior product to save costs by lowering his product quaHty to the level of the standard, thus denying other values to the customer. Again, excessive standardization, especially as appHed to design or how the product performance is to be achieved, effectively can limit technological innovation. 

In 1995, discussions among the United States, the European Community (EC), and Japan occurred to achieve harmonization of dmg and dmg product standards and to provide guidance to the worldwide pharmaceutical industry for acceptance of global regulatory filings. The International Committee on Harmonization (ICH) has proposed initial guidelines for the estabUshment of stabihty studies. 

Cost of labor per unit of production Standard cost particularized by tbe subscript... 

The identity of the various models that will be used to demonstrate achievement of design requirements. (Some models may be simple space models, others laboratory standard or production standard depending on the need.)... 

Standard costing is usually thought of in connection with manufacturing production but can be used with advantage in the measurement of the efficiency of supporting plant and equipment. Most readers of this book will already be familiar with the measurement of efficiencies against, for example, manufacturers standards for a specific item of equipment. The standards related to such plant will themselves play a part in setting the production standards mentioned above. 

These cutting operations are usually used only for machined prototypes, or very low volume production of simple shapes. High speed routing is sometimes used for slotting or gate removal on injection molded products. Standard end mills (two-flute), cir-... 

A company usually sets product standards in such a way as to minimize the purification expenses. These standards are often empirical tests to ensure that the buyer will get the same product in each shipment. Examples would be the melt index of a polymer, the boiling-point range of the product, and the maximum amount of certain impurities. Another manufacturer using a different process would want to set different standards. His method of production will be different, and so the amount and kind of impurities will be different. Sometimes this means expensive purification steps must be installed to meet the specifications set by the initial manufacturer. If this competitor could have been the initial standard-setter then these steps would not be necessaiy. 

Let us now turn our attention to the main steps of any procedure constructed to anticipate or respond to the risk analysis requirements set forth by the statutes reviewed above or voluntarily established as product standards by industries. It is important to note that this type of procedure is a technical means to arrive at a quantitative estimate. The decisions regarding the acceptability of the result is sociopolitical and is, therefore, beyond the scope of this discussion. 

How can the Ecodesign Directive be further developed to handle the RISKCYCLE-topic So far, pollution issues are involved in the context of product evaluation and the derivation of product standards, but rather in the sense of LCA to capture the energy side and the other relevant environmental indicators. The topic of mercury in compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) has made it clear that pollution issues can be quite important in the context of this Directive. However, relevant limits for energy saving lamps were first set by a waste-related regulation, namely the Annex of the WEEE Directive [7]. 

Currently (2012) there is an internal discussion within the Commission on the evaluation of the Ecodesign Directive. One of the positions taken is to expand the scope of the directive a second time to broaden its field of application. There are some voices proposing to include the pollution issue in the context of setting product standards. Decisions are expected in late 2012. 

Crop rotation is the keystone of organic cropping systems and its importance is emphasized by all organic crop production standards, not only for its role in crop protection, but also for its contribution to soil fertility. Soil fertility may influence the severity of disease infection or offset its effects by accelerating the build-up of yield before the disease takes its toll. This aspect is considered further in Section 18.4.4. 

Standards Universal production standards, assured through accreditation and inspection No universal standards. Voluntary codes of conduct and self-regula-tion becoming more common... 

Because the reproducibility of a-particle counting with the Pylon sources was quite good, this study was conducted as follows. Four identical samples, i.e., same material, were placed in the decay product standard sources for a period of 24 h at a time. The four samples were then removed and measured. Gross a-particle count and a-spectrometry analysis of the samples were done. 

ANSI Z21.83-1998 ANSI Product Standard - Provides detailed test and examination criteria for fuel cell power plants that make use of natural and liquefied petroleum gases. 

Interpharmacopeial Open Conference on Harmonization of Biotechnology-derived Products Standards Verona April 1993... 

SWV has been apphed for the measurements of kinetic parameters of electrode reactions of adsorbed reactant and product. Standard rate constants and trans-... 

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