Vitamins formulae

Up to a couple of years, the main vitamin formula used in Belgium did not contain additional iodine. Recently, two companies at least have put on the market multivitamin formulas for pregnant women, containing iodide supplementation. We spent a great deal of time during those last three years, convincing our colleagues in the obstetrical field to switch from their usual habits to use those new formulas, enriched with iodine. 

Structural drawings of carbohydrates of this type are called Haworth formulas, after the British chemist Sir Walter Norman Haworth (St Andrew s University and the University of Birmingham) Early m his career Haworth contributed to the discovery that carbohydrates exist as cyclic hemiacetals rather than m open chain forms Later he col laborated on an efficient synthesis of vitamin C from carbohydrate precursors This was the first chemical synthesis of a vitamin and provided an inexpensive route to its prepa ration on a commercial scale Haworth was a corecipient of the Nobel Prize for chem istry m 1937... 

The isoprene unit exists extensively in nature. It is found in terpenes, camphors, diterpenes (eg, abietic acid), vitamins A and K, chlorophyll, and other compounds isolated from animal and plant materials. The correct stmctural formula for isoprene was first proposed in 1884 (7). 

L-Ascorbic acid biosynthesis in plants and animals as well as the chemical synthesis starts from D-glucose. The vitamin and its main derivatives, sodium ascorbate, calcium ascorbate, and ascorbyl palmitate, are officially recognized by regulatory agencies and included in compendia such as the United S fates Pharmacopeia/National Formula (USP/NF) and the Food Chemicals Codex (FCC). 

Windaus in 1933 derived the skeletal stmcture of vitamin D2. He found the elemental formula to be The side chain was unequivocally... 

The observation that the uv spectmm of provitamin D changed with uv inradiation and also produced antirachitic activity led to the conclusion that vitamin D was derived from the provitamin. Windaus found the vitamin D2 formula to be isomeric with the provitamins. 

The world market for ch oline chloride used in animal feeds is estimated at 113,000 t on a 100% basis. The market for good grade ch oline chloride is a small market by comparison and is utilized mainly in the supplementation of infant formulas. Other ch oline salts are utilized solely in the human vitamin supplementation markets and are also small compared to animal feed usage. 

As mg/L of pantothenic acid. Formula also contains 150 Fg/L each of biotin and vitamin K. ... 

Therapeutic Function Anticoagulant, Vitamin K antagonist Chemical Name 3-(Q -acetonyl-p-nitrobenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin Common Name Nicoumalone Structural Formula ... 

Therapeutic Function Calcium Regulator, Vitamin D Chemical Name 9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3-diol Common Name la-Hydroxycholecalciferol 1a-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Structural Formula ... 

Therapeutic Function Sunscreen agent, antirickettsial Chemical Name p-aminobenzolc acid Common Name Vitamin H, Vitamin B, PABA Structural Formula ... 

Therapeutic Function Enzyme Cofactor vitamin source Chemicel Name Sae Structural Formula... 

Chemical Name 2-Methyl-3-(3,7,11,1 5-tetramethvl-2-hexadecenvD-1,4-naphthalenedione Common Name Vitamin K, phytomeanadion, phylloquinone Structural Formula ... 

Common Name Vitamin A acid retinoic acid Structural Formula ... 

Riboflavin is one of the B vitamins. It is also known as vitamin B6 and is made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms. When 10.00 g of vitamin B6 is burned in oxygen, 19.88 g of C02 and 4.79 g of H20 are obtained. Another experiment shows that vitamin B6 is made up of 14.89% N. What is foe simplest formula for vitamin Be ... 

To find the empirical formula of vitamin C from the data in Example F.l we must express the ratios of numbers of atoms as the simplest whole numbers. First, we divide each number by the smallest value (3.41), which gives a ratio of 1.00 1.33 1.00. Molecules contain only whole numbers of atoms, and one of these numbers is still not a whole number. Hence, we must multiply each number by the correct factor so that all numbers can be rounded off to whole numbers. Because 1.33 is Vi (within experimental error), we multiply all three numbers by 3 to obtain 3.00 3.99 3.00, or approximately 3 4 3. Now we know that the empirical formula of vitamin C is C3H403. 

We have determined that the empirical formula of vitamin C is C3II403. However, the empirical formula tells us only that the C, H, and O atoms are present in the sample in the ratio 3 4 3, not the number of each type of atom in a molecule. The molecular formula could be C3H4O3, CbH806, C9H1209, or any other whole-numher multiple of the empirical formula. 

Mass spectrometry has been used to show that the molar mass of vitamin C is 176.12 g-mol-1. Given its empirical formula of C3H4O3, what is the molecular formula of vitamin C ... 

To find the number of C3H4C>3 formula units needed to account for the observed molar mass of vitamin C, we divide the molar mass of the compound by the molar mass of the empirical formula unit ... 

The body maintains an antioxidant network consisting of vitamins A, C, and E, antioxidant enzymes, and a group of related compounds called coenzyme Q, for which the general formula is shown below. The n represents the number of times that a particular group is repeated it can be 6, 8, or 10. Antioxidants are molecules that are easily oxidized, so they react readily with radicals before the radicals can react with other compounds in the body. Many common foods, such as green leafy vegetables, orange juice, and chocolate, contain antioxidants, as do coffee and tea. 

In summary, examples of the successful use of silica gel as a conventional stationary phase are in the analysis of mixtures containing polarizable and relatively low polarity solutes typified by mixtures of aromatic hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatics, nitro compounds, carotenes and vitamin A formulas. 

The formulas of some ARs are given in Figure 11.1, where it can be seen that they have some structural resemblance to both dicoumarol and vitamin K in its quinone form. All possess quinone rings linked to unsubstituted phenyl rings. The phenyl rings of the rodenticides confer hydrophobicity, especially in the relatively large and complex molecules of brodifacoum and flocoumafen. The chemical properties of some ARs are given in Table 11.1... 

Figure 42-9. Formation and hydroxylation of vitamin D3.25-Hydroxylation takes place in the liver, and the other hydroxylations occur in the kidneys. 25,26(OH)2-D3 and 1,25,26(OH)3-D3 are probably formed as well. The formulas of 7-dehydrocholesterol, vitamin D3, and 1,25(OH)2-D3 are also shown. (Modified and reproduced, with...

C03-0074. Determine the molecular formula and calculate the molar mass of each of the following B vitamins ... 

C04-0144. Vitamin C (also called ascorbic acid) is an acid whose formula is HCg H7 Og. When treated with strong base, it undergoes the following reaction HCg H7 0(5 + OH H7 Og + H2 O A pharmacist suspects that the vitamin C tablets received in a recent shipment are not pure. When a single 500.0-mg tablet is dissolved in 200.0 mL of water and titrated with a standard base that is 0.1045 M, it takes 24.45 mL to reach the stoichiometric point. Are the tablets pure If not, what is the mass percentage of impurities (Assume no impurity is either an acid or a base.)... 

FIGURE 10.2 Structural formula of vitamin and related compounds. 1 — pyridoxine, 2 — pyridoxal, 3 — pyridoxamine, 4 — 4-pyridoxic acid 5 — pyridoxal-5 -phosphate. 

FIGURE 10.3 Structural formula of vitamin B[2 and partial structures of vitamin B[2 compounds. The partial structures of vitamin B,2 compounds show only those portions of the molecule that differ from vitamin B[2. 1 — 5 -deoxyadenosylcobalamin, 2 — methylcobal-amin, 3 — hydroxocobalamin, 4 — cyanocobalamin, 5 — benzimidazolyl cyanocobamide, 6 — pseudovitamin B[2, 7 — 5-hydroxybenzimidazolyl cyanocobamide, 8 — p-cresolyl cyanocobamide. 

Vitamins and Other Nutrients in Food Matrices see also Section 6.3. Food matrices are available with values assigned for vitamins, carotenoids, fatty acids, cholesterol, natural toxins, veterinary drugs, and hormone residues. The NIST food matrix SRMs for vitamins include coconut oil (SRM 1563), infant formula (SRM 1846), and baby food composite (SRM 2383) (particularly for carotenoids). Fatty acids and cholesterol are the primary analytes of interest in meat homogenate (SRM 1546) and diet... 

Vitamin K content of enteral nutrition formulas may affect pharmacological activity. Monitor and titrate dose to maintain therapeutic international normalized ratio (INR)... 

More than 99% of total body calcium is found in bone the remaining less than 1% is in the ECF and ICE Calcium plays a critical role in the transmission of nerve impulses, skeletal muscle contraction, myocardial contractions, maintenance of normal cellular permeability, and the formation of bones and teeth. There is a reciprocal relationship between the serum calcium concentration (normally 8.6 to 10.2 mg/dL [2.15 to 2.55 mmol/L]) and the serum phosphate concentration that is regulated by a complex interaction between parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. About one-half of the serum calcium is bound to plasma proteins the other half is free ionized calcium. Given that the serum calcium has significant protein binding, the serum calcium concentration must be corrected in patients who have low albumin concentrations (the major serum protein). The most commonly used formula adds 0.8 mg/dL (0.2 mmol/L) of calcium for each gram of albumin deficiency as follows ... 

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin cofactor for the activation of factors II, VII, IX, and X in the liver. Almost all neonates are vitamin K-deficient at as a result of (1) insignificant transplacental vitamin K crossover, (2) lack of colonization of the colon by vitamin K-producing bacteria, and (3) inadequate dietary vitamin K intake (especially in breast-fed infants because human milk contains less vitamin K than infant formula or cow s milk). Vitamin K-deficiency bleeding (VKDB) refers to bleeding attributable to vitamin K deficiency within first 6 months of life. It occurs in three general time frames early (0-24 hours), classic (1-7 days), and late (2-12 weeks). Early onset occurs rarely and usually is associated with maternal ingestion of anticonvulsants, rifampin, isoniazid, and warfarin. Classic vitamin K-dependent bleeding usually results from the lack of prophylactic vitamin K administration in... 

Polymeric formulas typically have low osmolality of 300 to 500 mOsm/kg. These formulas also usually supply essential vitamins and minerals in amounts similar to the Adequate Intakes or Recommended Dietary Allowances for these nutrients when the formula is delivered in amounts adequate to meet the macronutrient requirements of most patients. Many polymeric formulas are inexpensive relative to oligomeric formulas. Most polymeric formulas are lactose-free and gluten-free, as are most modern tube feeding products. Products designed to be used as oral supplements generally are polymeric and often have sucrose or other simple sugars added to improve taste. 

Enriched with EAAs, arginine, histidine incomplete3 formula due to negligible electrolytes and lack of fat soluble vitamins... 

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