Phagocytic stimulation

Baron P, Constantin G, D Andrea A, Ponzin D, et al. 1993. production of TNF and other proin-flammatory cytokines by human mononuclear phagocytes stimulated with myelin P2 protein. Proc Natl Acad Sd USA. 90 4414 1418. 

Meier, B Radeke, H.H., Selle, S., Habermehl, G.G., Resch, K Sies, H. (1990). Human fibroblasts release low amounts of reactive oxygen species in response to potent phagocyte stimulants, N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalenine, leukotriene B4 or 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate. Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler 371,1021-1025. 

Pretreatment with glucan, a potent RE phagocytic stimulant, sensitizes rats to endotoxic shock induced by S. enteritidis endotoxin (0.1 mg kg" and its... 

D. Roos, Molecular events during phagocyte stimulation. Scan. J. 

Jay SM, Skokos EA, Zeng J, Knox K, Kyriakides TR. Macrophage fusion leading to foreign body giant cell formation persists under phagocytic stimulation by microspheres in vitro and in vivo in mouse models. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 2010 93A(1) 189-99. 

Pavelkova, M. Kubala, L. Luminol-, isoluminol- and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence of rat blood phagocytes stimulated with different activators. Luminescence 2004, 79, 37-42. 

On the other hand, cNOS is continuously expressed in the ceils, and upon stimulation of the cell, the formation of NO begins immediately. However, the amounts of NO produced are minute. The nature of NO in cells expressing cNOS is only to act as a messenger molecule, whereas NO has also other functions in cells expressing iNOS. For example, NO has bacteria and cell killing properties in immunological cells, such as phagocytes. ... 

Several cytokines are in clinical use that support immune responses, such as IL-2, DFNs, or colony-stimulating factors. IL-2 supports the proliferation and effector ftmction of T-lymphocytes in immune compromised patients such as after prolonged dialysis or HIV infection. IFNs support antiviral responses or antitumoral activities of phagocytes, NK cells, and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Colony-stimulatory factors enforce the formation of mature blood cells from progenitor cells, e.g., after chemo- or radiotherapy (G-CSF to generate neutrophils, TPO to generate platelets, EPO to generate erythrocytes). 

Dead or live bacteria may be effective to stimulate inflammatory reactions of phagocytic cells against tumor cells. The best-characterized treatment is the use of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) in the case of bladder cancer where activation of the immune response is capable of controlling tumor growth. 

These proteins are called acute phase proteins (or reactants) and include C-reactive protein (CRP, so-named because it reacts with the C polysaccharide of pneumococci), ai-antitrypsin, haptoglobin, aj-acid glycoprotein, and fibrinogen. The elevations of the levels of these proteins vary from as little as 50% to as much as 1000-fold in the case of CRP. Their levels are also usually elevated during chronic inflammatory states and in patients with cancer. These proteins are believed to play a role in the body s response to inflammation. For example, C-reactive protein can stimulate the classic complement pathway, and ai-antitrypsin can neutralize certain proteases released during the acute inflammatory state. CRP is used as a marker of tissue injury, infection, and inflammation, and there is considerable interest in its use as a predictor of certain types of cardiovascular conditions secondary to atherosclerosis. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a polypeptide released from mononuclear phagocytic cells, is the principal—but not the sole—stimulator of the synthesis of the majority of acute phase reactants by hepatocytes. Additional molecules such as IL-6 are involved, and they as well as IL-1 appear to work at the level of gene transcription. 

Giuhan D, Vaca K, Noonan CA (1990) Secretion of neurotoxins by mononuclear phagocytes infected with HIV-1. Science 250(4987) 1593-1596 Giuhan D, Wendt E, Vaca K, Noonan CA (1993) The envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 stimulates release of neurotoxins from monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90(7) 2769-2773... 

As a consequence of the inhalation of mineral dusts, infiltration into the lung of inflammatory phagocytic cells, namely PMN and macrophages, occurs (Rola-Pleszczynski et al., 1984). Analysis of the cell populations of the rat pleural cavities after injection with asbestos and silica dust also showed both degranulation and reduction of the mast cell population (Edwards etal., 1984), and it is of interest to note that histamine augments the particle-stimulated generation of macrophage superoxide production (Diaz et al., 1979). 

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