Vehicle engines

On-Board Diagnostics. State of California regulations require that vehicle engines and exhaust emission control systems be monitored by an on-board system to assure continued functional performance. The program is called OBD-II, and requires that engine misfire, the catalytic converter, and the evaporative emission control system be monitored (101). The U.S. EPA is expected to adopt a similar regulation. 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Final Rule, Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles and New Motor Vehicle Engines Refueling Emission Regulations for... 

In the late 1990s, MTBE came under serious attack on grounds of both efficacy and safety. A report by the National Research Council (1999) stated that the addition of oxygen additives in gasoline, including MTBE and ethanol, are far less important in controlling pollution than emission control equipment and technical improvement to vehicle engines and exhaust systems. 

Vehicle Engine Energy Storage Miles FUDS per Gallon Highway... 

Another area of success has been in applied materials research. Because of the integral nature of materials to advances in energy production and consumption, the laboratories have developed a number of toughened ceramics. When used as a replacement for steel, they will improve the energy performance characteristics of high-temperature applications for components of combined-cycle power plants and vehicle engines. 

Deliveries to these installations are usually by road tanker. The tanker carries its own off-loading pump driven by the vehicle engine and the transfer is by a flexible hose which is connected to the receiving vessel by a gas-tight coupling. 

Potential sources of carbon monoxide hazards include metal-refining processes, in which it is formed as a byproduct and used as a fuel (LEL 12.5%), and running vehicle engines (particularly petrol-driven) or gas-fired heaters in poorly ventilated confined spaces. It is also a feedstock in the manufacture of a variety of chemicals, e.g. methanol, acetic acid, phosgene and oxo-alcohols. 

Biodiesel is attracting increasing attention worldwide as blending components or direct replacements for diesel fuel in vehicle engines. Biodiesel typically comprises lower alkyl fatty acid (chain length esters of short-chain alcohols,... 

Select the engine coolant or antirust with care to ensure adequate corrosion protection. Use only those products conforming to recognized standards such as ASTM D 3306 for engine coolant. Additionally, if your vehicle engine contains major cast aluminum components, be certain the engine coolant meets the heat rejection corrosion limits in ASTM specification D 3306 as determined by ASTM Test Method for Corrosion of Cast Aluminum Alloys in Engine Coolants Under Heat-Transfer Conditions (D 4340). 

Low levels of cresols are constantly emitted to the atmosphere in the exhaust from motor vehicle engines using petroleum based-fuels (Hampton et al. 1982 Johnson et al. 1989 Seizinger and Dimitriades 1972). Cresols have been identified in stack emissions from municipal waste incinerators (James et al. 1984 Junk and Ford 1980) and in emissions from the incineration of vegetable materials (Liberti et al. 1983). Cresols have also been identified as a component of fly ash from coal combustion (Junk and Ford 1980). Therefore, coal- and petroleum-fueled electricity-generating facilities are likely to emit cresols to the air. The combustion of wood (Hawthorne et al. 1988, 1989) and cigarettes (Arrendale et al. 1982 Novotny et al. 1982) also emits cresols to the ambient air. Cresols are also formed in the atmosphere as a result of reactions between toluene and photochemically generated hydroxy radicals (Leone et al. 1985). 

In recent years there has been an increase in interest in simulation of automotive aftertreatment systems both among academics (Marin and Hoebink, 1997), catalyst manufacturers (Ahmadinejad et al., 2006 York et al., 2005), vehicle/engine producers (Baba et al., 2000 Laing et al., 1999 Oh and Cavendish, 1982) and consulting companies (Wanker et al., 2002). A lot of this work is published in the open literature, however, there is a limit to what industry will publish, in order to maintain a competitive advantage. In particular, kinetic equations and especially kinetic parameters are generally... 

In commercial vehicle engines, by means of cooled exhaust gas recirculation, in-cylinder temperatures are reduced, leading to lower NOx, but mostly also to higher particulate emissions. To fulfill future emission standards, a combination of raw emission reduction and exhaust gas aftertreatment is necessary. Decreasing fuel economy with raw emission reduction has to be weighed against catalyst—and especially noble metal—price for exhaust gas aftertreatment. 

The vehicle engine must be turned off when refueling is in operation. 

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