Vehicle batteries review

Fig. 13.47. Discharge curve for advanced prototype electric vehicle cell demonstrating 95 W h kg-1 cell-specific energy. (Reprinted from S. R. Ovshinsky, S. K. Dhar, S. Venkatesan, D. A. Corrigan, A. Holland, M. A. Fetcenko, and P. R. Gifford, Ovonic Nickel Metal Hydride Technology for Consumer and Electric Vehicle Batteries-A Review and Update," in Batteries for Portable Applications and Electric Vehicles, C. F. Holmes and A. R. Landgrebe, eds., Electrochemical Society Proc. PV97-18, p. 706, Fig. 1, 1997. Reproduced by permission of The Electrochemical Society, Inc.)...

Review of Electric Vehicles, Batteries and Fuel Cells (A Powers Report), D. MacArthur, Chemac International, Sterhng Heights, Ml, 1999. 

Ragone, D. V., Proc. Society of Automotive Engineers Conference on Review of Battery Systems for Electrically Powered Vehicles, SAE, Warrendale, PA, 1968. 

Annex II lists all those materials and components that are exempt from 4(2) (a). Eor example lead as an element (i.e. steel upto 0.35% lead by weight, aluminium, copper), lead compounds in components (i.e. batteries, petrol tank coatings, vibration dampers, stabilisers in protective paint), hexavalent chromium (used as coating on various key vehicle components) and mercury (as can be found in bulbs and instrument panel displays). As ruled in 4(2) (b), the Commission shall regularly amend Annex II, i.e. review all substances that are currently exempt from 4(2) (a). If the use of any of the materials or compounds listed in Annex II can be avoided, those substances will be deleted from this Annex. 

The nickel—zinc (NiZn) system is attractive as a secondary cell because of its high energy density and low material cost and the low level of potential pollutants contained. The widespread use of nickel-zinc batteries, particularly as electric vehicle power sources, would be strongly enhanced by significantly extending the deep-discharge cycle life beyond the current level of 100—300 cycles. Considerable work has been done in the past to develop a suitable separator for nickel— and silver—zinc batteries. 272 An excellent discussion of separator development is contained in a comprehensive review. 2 ... 

The general theme of electric vehicles is covered in Chap. 5, with particular reference to hybrid vehicles that adopt both fuel cells and batteries/supercapacitors as power sources. The analysis of possible hybrid configurations is presented together with a review of different types of electric energy storage systems. 

This review of work on additives to the positive plate shows that a variety of effects can be achieved. The choice of additives is very dependent on the intended application and corresponding battery requirements. Additives that enhance material utilization and/or reduce plate weight may be desirable for batteries in electric vehicles, where high specific energy is required. In automotive batteries. 

Participate in design reviews Sign-off on battery Vehicle development timing plan — battery dates... 

Balsara N (2010) Block copolymer separators for lithium batteries. In Presented at the 2010 annual merit review of the vehicle technologies program, http //wwwl.eere.energy.gov/ vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/merit review 2010/electrochemical storage/es088 balsara 2010 p. pdf. Accessed Feb 2010... 

Roth EP (2008) Abuse testing of high power batteries. Presented at the DOE vehicle technologies peer review, Gaithersburg, MD... 

Peer Review Report for the ANL BatPaC Model Modeling the Cost and Performance of lithium-ion Batteries for Electric-Drive Vehicles docket ID EPA-HQ-OAR-2010-0799-1080, 2011. Available from http //www.regulations.gov/. 

In this final section, several of the current production electric and plug-in electric vehicles will be reviewed, focusing on discussing the specifics related to their batteries in relation to the key areas discussed in this paper. 

See David Howell review presentation of battery R D activities by DOE/EERE Vehicle Technologies Program fVTP), May 14, 2012 at http //wwwl.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/merit review 2012/plenary/vtpn07 es howell 2012 o.pdf. 

A more extended commercialization of LIBs obviously depends on both their performance and their price. The origin of manufacturing costs, pathways to lower them, and how low these may fall in the future are reviewed in Chapter 6. A model enabling tbe direct evaluation of manufacturing costs is presented, which provides details on the most significant contributions to the total battery cost witb a special reference to batteries for electric vehicles (EVs). 

Batteries. Polymer electrolytes based on PEO have been widely reviewed (220,221). The prospect of using a thin-layer, flexible battery for applications ranging from cellular phones to electric vehicles has led to several patents (222,223) and research papers in this fleld. Typically, a salt such as potassium iodide, lithium triflate, or lithium perchlorate is complexed with PEO in a methylene chloride solvent. The solution complex is cast into thin Aims and the solvent... 

In the larger part of the world such an energy supply for electric vehicles is scarcely available. Fuel cells and mechanically rechargeable batteries of the metal-air type will for a long time be the only viable possibilities there. (The best example of the latter type will be discussed towards the end of this review.)... 

Electrochemical supercapacitors (ESs) present important advantages that qualify them for many applications. In this chapter, several important ES use areas are briefly reviewed. Examples are power electronics, memory protection, battery enhancements, portable energy sources, power quality improvement, adjustable speed drives (ASDs), high power actuators, hybrid electric vehicles, renewable and off-peak energy storage, and military and aerospace applications. 

RAG 68] Ragone D.V., Review of battery systems for electrically powered vehicles , A/W-year meeting of the society ofautomotive engineers, Detroit, USA, 1968. 

G. E. Mayer, Critical Review of Battery Cycle Life Testing Methods, Proc. 5th Int. Electric Vehicle Symp., Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 1978. 

D. A. J. Rand, Battery Systems for Electric Vehicles State of Art Review, J. Power Sources 4 101 (1979). 

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