Memory Protection

ES application areas include power electronics, memory protection, battery enhancement, portable energy sources, power quality improvement, adjustable speed drives (ASDs), high power actuators, hybrid electric vehicles, renewable and off-peak energy storage, and military and aerospace applications. All these application areas will be discussed in this chapter. 

Modern portable electronics devices have been used in many industrial, commercial, residential, aerospace, and military applications. Recently, due to the high demand for energy conservation, power electronics are gaining great attention in the area of energy efficiency. 

Servers and storage controllers use DRAM for many applications, but buffering or caching the output data is one of the most critical steps. If a system loses power, the cache is gone unless the DRAM has some kind of nonvolatile feature. If the cache is targeted for a rotating drive or RAID striped across multiple drives, data will be corrupted in the system and cannot be recovered. The nonvolatility of the DRAM is provided by various types of battery systems. The more recent applications involve the venerable lithium ion (Li-ion) battery and associated charge circuit. 

CBOT NESSCAP ESHSR-0360C0-002R7A 

ES energy storage system for data backup. 1 Source Linear Technology, http //circuits.linear.com/all-supercapacitor charging-385 [accessed March 1, 2012]. With permission.) 

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Membrane transport Memory Memory banks Memory device Memory-enhancing drug Memory-impairment Memory protection Memory storage device Memory systems Menadione... 

Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba) memory protects against Aizheimer s disease... 

The electrode capacities are adjusted so that the CFx cathode has about 10% less capacity than the SVO. During an operation of the defibrillator, the SVO supplies the pulse requirement and the CFx recharges the SVO during low demand periods. As a result, a drop in cell voltage indicates an end to the life of the battery. Physicians can use the change in cell voltage to determine when to replace the device. The principal use of Li-CFx is in miniature cells for use in memory protection, watches and cameras. 

The Li-Mn02 cells are used for memory protection and to power smoke detectors, watches, and cameras. Although the manganese system has lower energy storage, it is less expensive and is preferred in commerce. 

The use of the term process does not imply a heavyweight construct with memory protection, etc. It merely implies an abstract concurrent activity. Each process experiences a potentially infinite number of invocations (each in response to its event-trigger). The event may originate from the clock, the interface, or another process. If the clock event is regular, then the process is termed periodic. 

There has been growing interest in the field of supercapacitors due to their possible applications in medical devices, electrical vehicles, memory protection of computer electronics, and cellular communication devices. Their specific energies are generally greater than those of electrolytic capacitors and their specific power levels are higher than those of batteries. Supercapacitors can be divided into redox supercapacitors and electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs). The former uses electroactive materials such as insertion-type compounds or conducting polymers as the electrode, while the latter uses carbon or other similar materials as the blocking electrode. 

Integrated mechanisms and new CPU architectures, e.g. built-in memory protection mechanisms, trusted Networks on Chip (NoC), as developed in the ARTEMIS project ACROSS [28], thus enabling the development of new safety / security concepts and reducing the SW related efforts for providing trust and dependability of the application... 

Cylindrical 1.5V batteries are available in 3.6Ah (type LCOI), 1.6Ah (type LC02) and 0.5Ah (type LC07). Applications of this type of cell include oil well logging equipment, microprocessors, telephone systems, public address systems, high-temperature heat counters, CMOS memory protection, telex systems, high-temperature devices and specialized industrial and military applications. Details of performance are given in Table 9.10. 

Applications for the lithium-sulphur dioxide reserve systems include underwater mine batteries and (active batteries) memory protection, manpack communicarions, life-support equipment, sonobuoys, space probes, missiles, mines, security systems, data buoys/stations, weather sondes and electronic counter measures. The non-reserve (active) systems are used for covert sensors, memory protection and weather sondes. 

With the microprocessor involvement in all kinds of applications, the lithium-manganese dioxide battery has become extensively used. Possible applications include LCD watches, pocket calculators, CMOS memory protection, measuring instruments, electronic alarms and pace setters. The cells may either provide back-up for memory retention in fixed installations or act as a side or part power source in portable equipment. 

The lithium-copper oxide battery has applications in power well lagging equipment, microprocessors, public address systems, high-temperature heat counters, CMOS memory protection, telex systems, high-temperature devices, and specialized industrial and military applications. 

These batteries are used in cardiac stimulators, other human implantable devices, high-reliability memory protection, inertial navigation systems and RAM backup power sources. 

Nickel-cadmium sealed cells for CMOS-RAM memory protection Varta supply the Mempac range of button cells for this application and these cells arc suitable for printed circuit board mounting. The advantages claimed for these cells are as follows ... 

Figure 51.9 Effect of discharge rate of Varta Mempac memory protection cells on discharge duration (Courtesyof Varta)...

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