Batteries/supercapacitors

Any device (battery, supercapacitor, smart mirror, or muscle) stored in a compacted state requires an initial activation-relaxation before use. 

New Carbon Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems Batteries, Supercapacitors and Fuel Cells... 

Storage batteries/supercapacitors/electrolytic capacitors/fuel cells... 

Chapters 7 through 12 discuss three main systems—lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells—from the point of view of both research and industrial applications. They represent, undoubtedly, the most original source of information in this book. 

For different electrochemical applications such as batteries, supercapacitors, fuel elements porous carbon nanomaterials are used. We have obtained porous carbon nanofibers by CVD method from acetylene with use of new (Fe,Co,Sn)/C/Al203-Si02 catalysts prepared by mechanochemical method [13, 14]. The porous nanostructures formed (Fig. 4) somewhat resembles structures, synthesized in [15] on titania-containing catalyst. 

Since the appearance of the redox [ii, iii] and conducting [iv] polymer-modified electrodes much effort has been made concerning the development and characterization of electrodes modified with electroactive polymeric materials, as well as their application in various fields such as -> sensors, actuators, ion exchangers, -> batteries, -> supercapacitors, -> photovoltaic devices, -> corrosion protection, -> electrocatalysis, -> elec-trochromic devices, electroluminescent devices (- electroluminescence) [i, v-viii]. See also -> electrochemically stimulated conformational relaxation (ESCR) model, and -> surface-modified electrodes. 

The utilization of fuel cells in propulsion systems for road transport applications raises the question of the optimal hybridization level between on board generation and storage of electric energy (batteries, supercapacitors). 

The general theme of electric vehicles is covered in Chap. 5, with particular reference to hybrid vehicles that adopt both fuel cells and batteries/supercapacitors as power sources. The analysis of possible hybrid configurations is presented together with a review of different types of electric energy storage systems. 

Porous carbon materials are used for many applications in various industrial or domestic domains adsorption (air and water purification, filters manufacture, solvents recovery), electrochemistry (electrodes for batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells), catalyst support (industrial chemistry, organic synthesis, pollutants elimination),. .. Porous carbons used at the present time are generally activated carbons, i.e. materials prepared by pyrolysis of natural sources, like fhiit pits, wood or charcoal. Pyrolysis is followed by a partial oxidation, under steam or CO2 for instance, leading to the development of the inner porosity. 

Conducting Polymers for Batteries, Supercapacitors and Optical Devices C. Arbizzani,... 

Arbizzani C, Mastragostino M, Scrosati B. Conducting polymers for batteries, supercapacitors and optical devices In Nalwa HS, editor. Handbook of Organic Conductive Molecules Sensors and Polymers. Vol. 4. Chichester Wiley 1997. p 595-619 Chapter 11. 

TABLE 30.1. Comparison of the Main Characteristics of Batteries, Supercapacitors, and Lectrolytic Capacitors... 

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