Vegetable oils biodiesels

First generation biofuels Sugar, starch, vegetable oils, or animal fats Bioalcohols, vegetable oil. Biodiesel, biosyngas, biogas... 

Third generation biofuels Algae Vegetable oil, biodiesel... 

Fourth generation biofuels Vegetable oil, biodiesel Biogasoline... 

There are four alternative fuels that can be relatively easily used in conventional compression ignition (Cl) engines vegetable oil, biodiesel, Fischer-Tropsch (FT), and dimethyl ether (DME). Both FT and DME can be manufactured from natural gas and are therefore not limited by feedstock availability. Biodiesel on the other hand, is produced from vegetable (and some waste animal) oils whose supply for non-nutritional uses is presently quite limited. 

Contrary to what is seen with vegetable oils, biodiesel produced from animal fats has component units that are dominated by saturated alkyl species, and the observed biodiesel properties reflect the presence of these species. The fuel is more stable and degrades less in the presence of air. However, cloud-points and pour-points are higher, meaning that it may show poor performance at cold temperatures. 

Keywords Lipase Digital image processing Aspergillus niger Solid-state fermentation Glycosamine Vegetable oils Biodiesel... 

Pereira, M.G. S.M. Mudge. Cleaning oiled shores laboratory experiments testing the potential use of vegetable oil biodiesels. Chemosphere 2004, 54, 297-304. 

Naphthalene is a key component of tars present in biomass gas. Its absorption efficiency in oily liquids can be ranked as follows diesel fuel > vegetable oil > biodiesel fuel > engine oil (Table 11.3). Diesel fuel however is expensive from an economic viewpoint, vegetable oil becomes the best option for biomass tar removal. 

Biodiesel is diesel fuel produced from vegetable oils and other renewable resources. Many different types of oils can he used, including animal fats, used cooking oils, and soybean oil. Biodiesel is miscible with petroleum diesels and can he used in biodiesel-diesel blends. Most often blends are 20 percent biodiesel and 80 percent traditional diesel. Soy diesel can be used neat (100%), hut many other types of biodiesel are too viscous, especially in winter, and must be used in blends to remain fluid. The properties of the fuel will vaiy depending on the raw material used. Typical values for biodiesel are shown in Table 1. 

The first engines invented by Rudolf Diesel ran on groundnut oil, but because of the advent of relatively cheap oil this type of biodiesel never became commercially viable. Since about 1930 the diesel engine has been refined and fine tuned to run on the diesel fraction of crude oil, which consists mainly of saturated hydrocarbons. For this reason the modem diesel engine cannot run satisfactorily on a pure vegetable oil feedstock because of problems of high viscosity, deposit formation in the injection system and poor cold-start properties. Today, however, environmental... 

It is the last two problems, particularly in urban areas, that are causing most public concern. Most recent research into biodiesel has focused on vegetable oils such as soybean, sunflower, palm and rapeseed. Although animal fats have been considered, their availability in the quantities required have precluded serious utilization. 

Biodiesel is a fuel derived from renewable natural resources such as soybean and rapeseed and consists of alkyl esters derived from transesterification of triglycerides with methanol. In spite of all the advantages of biodiesel, such as low emissiotts, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and lubricity, the major hurdle in penetration of biodiesel is its high cost because of the expensive food grade refined vegetable oil feedstock. 

To produce biodiesel, refined vegetable oils are reacted with methanol in the presence of alkali catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and sodium methylate. The overall base-catalyzed process has several problems that also... 

Biomass is a renewable resource from which various useful chemicals and fuels can be produced. Glycerol, obtained as a co-product of the transesterification of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel, is a potential building block to be processed in biorefineries (1,2). Attention has been recently paid to the conversion of glycerol to chemicals, such as propanediols (3, 4), acrolein (5, 6), or glyceric acid (7, 8). 

Development of Alternate Fuels for Transportation, Electrical Power Generation and various Industrial Processes (e.g., biodiesel from renewable sources such as vegetable oils). 

Sivasamy, A., Cheah, K.Y., Fornasiero, P., Kemausuor, F., Zinoviev, S., and Miertus,S. (2009) Catalytic applications in the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils. ChemSusChem, 2 (4), 278-300. 

Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)) production is based on transesterification of vegetable oils and fats through the addition of methanol (or other alcohols) and a catalyst, giving glycerol as a by-product (which can be used for cosmetics, medicines and food). Oil-seed crops include rapeseeds, sunflower seeds, soy beans and palm oil seeds, from which the oil is extracted chemically or mechanically. Biodiesel can be used in 5%-20% blends with conventional diesel, or even in pure form, which requires slight modifications in the vehicle. 

In Europe, vegetable-oil-based fuels are mainly produced from rapeseed. In the USA, vegetable-oil-based fuels are mainly derived from soybeans. Another feedstock used in Europe and North America is sunflower seed. Most of the vegetable oil that is used as energy source for the generation of transportation fuel is converted to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), often called biodiesel . 

Cereals can yield around 1500-3000 litres of gasoline equivalent (lge)/ha sugarcane, 3000-6000 lge/ha sugarheet, 2000-4000 lge/ha vegetable oil crops, 700-1300 litres of diesel equivalent (lde)/ha and palm oil, 2500-3000 lde/ha (IEA, 2007). In addition, there are novel biofuel production processes under development, for example biodiesel from marine algae, which are claimed to have a 15 times higher yield per ha than rapeseed. 

Biodiesel is a mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids and is produced from vegetable oils by transesterification with methanol (Fig. 10.1). For every three moles of methyl esters one mole of glycerol is produced as a by-product, which is roughly 10 wt.% of the total product. Transesterification is usually catalyzed with base catalysts but there are also processes with acid catalysts. The base catalysts are the hydroxides and alkoxides of alkaline and alkaline earth metals. The acid catalysts are hydrochloride, sulfuric or sulfonic acid. Some metal-based catalysts can also be exploited, such as titanium alcoholates or oxides of tin, magnesium and zinc. All these catalyst acts as homogeneous catalysts and need to be removed from the product [16, 17]. The advantages of biodiesel as fuel are transportability, heat content (80% of diesel fuel), ready availability and renewability. The... 

Fig. 10.1 Transesterification of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel (methyl esters).

Biodiesel can be produced from various oilseed-yielding plants like castor, cotton, jatropha, palm, rape, soy, etc. The straight vegetable oils (SVO), which can be derived by physical and chemical treatment (milling/refining), are then converted into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), also known as biodiesel. Similar to ethanol, these routes are established and proven, and their costs depend heavily on two factors ... 

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