Biodiesel from vegetable oils

Sivasamy, A., Cheah, K.Y., Fornasiero, P., Kemausuor, F., Zinoviev, S., and Miertus,S. (2009) Catalytic applications in the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils. ChemSusChem, 2 (4), 278-300. 

Demirbas, A. Biodiesel from vegetable oils via transesterification in supercritical methanol. Energy... 

The BCI of a biorefinery producing biodiesel from vegetable oil which is fully deployed, with 8 (1/1/3/3) is a benchmark to compare the complexity of other current and future biorefinery systems. 

An interesting review of cavitational reactors (see Chapter 5 and Appendix 3) by Gogate (2007) highlights transesteriiication to produce biodiesel from vegetable oils. The study reported by Gogate involves using acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation methods to the alky esters of fatty acids that are used as the basis of biodiesel fuels. 

Andreani et al. [34] described the use of ILs as catalysts in the biodiesel production. Few studies reported the manufacture of biodiesel from vegetable oils or... 

Promising results have been reported on the use of lipase with SC-CO2 in the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils and animal fats. Kumar et al. (2004) esterilied palmitic acid with ethanol at a temperature range of 35°C to 70°C in the presence of three different lipases under SC-CO2 conditions. Their results showed that Novozym 435 was the best catalyst with a yield of 74%. Romero et al. (2005) made similar observations on the esterification of isoamyl alcohol in SC-CO2 and n-hexane, where these showed higher reaction rates in SC-CO2. Higher yields were also reported using SC-CO2, as compared to n-hexane and solvent-free systems (Laudani et al., 2007) using Lipozyme RMIM. 

Demirbas, A. 2002. Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils via Transesterification in Supercritical Methanol. Energy Conversion and Management A3 (17) 2349-2356. 

Sivasamy, A., K. Y. Cheah, P. Fornasiero, F. Kemausuor, S. Zinoviev, and S. Miertus. 2009. Catalytie Applications in the Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils. ChemSusChem 2 278-300. 

ENSEL [The name is probably derived from NCL, the National Chemical Laboratory in Pune, India, whose former director, Paul Ratnasamy, was the prime inventor of the catalyst for this process] A transesterification process for making biodiesel from vegetable oils, using a solid double metal cyanide catalyst. Developed in 2006 by the National Chemical Laboratory, India, and commercialized by Benefuel, a joint venture of Seymour Biofuels with SUd-Chemie. The first plant was built in Seymour, IN, from 2008. The novel catalyst was provided by Siid-Chemie India. 

This chapter will however treat only biodiesel from vegetable oil (VO), the use of which in internal combustion engines is not a recent innovation. Indeed, in 1900, at the World Fair in Paris, the new diesel engine created by Rudolph Diesel (1858-1913) was tested for the first time with peanut oil. 

Knothe, G. A technical evaluation of biodiesel from vegetable oils vs. algae. Will algae-derived biodiesel perform Green Chem. 2011,13, 3048-3065. 

Demirbas, A., 2008. Comparison of transesterification methods for production of biodiesel from vegetable oils and fats. Energy Conversion and Management 49, 125—130. 

Issariyakul T, Dalai AK. Biodiesel from vegetable oils. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2014 31 446-471. 

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