Biodiesel production from vegetable oils

The current boom associated with biodiesel production from vegetable oils has generated a spectacular rise in glycerol availability, with a yearly world production... 

B. K. Bamwal and M. P. Sharma, Prospects of biodiesel production from vegetable oils in India , Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev, 2005, 9,363-78. 

Alptekin, E., Canakci, M. and Sanli, H. (2014), Biodiesel production from vegetable oil and waste animal fats in a pilot plant. Waste Management, 34,2146-2156. 

He, H., Wang, T., Zhu, S., Continuous production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable oil using supercritical methanol process, Fuel, 86, 442 447, 2007... 

Pizarro, A.V.L. E.Y. Park. Lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable oils contained in waste activated bleaching earth. Process Biochem. 2003, 38, 1077—1082. 

Watanabe, Y Y. Shimada A. Sugihara H. Noda H. Fukuda Y. Tominaga. Continuous production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable oil using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase./. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2000, 77 355-360. 

Guzatto R, Defferrari D, Billow Q, Reiznautt I, Cadore R, Samios D. Transesterification double step process modification for ethyl ester biodiesel production from vegetable and waste oils. Fuel 2012 92 197-203. 

Balat, M., 2008. Biodiesel fuel production from vegetable oils via supercritical ethanol transesterification. Energy Sources, Part A Recovery Utilization, and Environmental Effects 30,429-440. 

Transesterified biodiesel presents some drawbacks, such as high corrosion problems, oxidation instabihty, methane toxicity, high viscosity, and high cost compared to conventional diesel (Muthukmnaran et al., 2015). Therefore, alternative methods of fuel production from vegetable oils will also be discussed in this section. 

While the oils associated with vegetable matter and those pressed from algae used in waste treatment processes are most typically converted to biodiesel fuel, it is also possible to produce a broad range of products from vegetable oil and animal fats. These products can then once again serve as the basis for the production of chemicals from renewable resources (Figure 8.20). As with all bio-based products, it is important to complete a full economic and enviromnental life cycle analysis to determine the most viable routes for desired products. 

Sivasamy, A., Cheah, K.Y., Fornasiero, P., Kemausuor, F., Zinoviev, S., and Miertus,S. (2009) Catalytic applications in the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils. ChemSusChem, 2 (4), 278-300. 

Biodiesel is a mixture of methyl esters of fatty acids and is produced from vegetable oils by transesterification with methanol (Fig. 10.1). For every three moles of methyl esters one mole of glycerol is produced as a by-product, which is roughly 10 wt.% of the total product. Transesterification is usually catalyzed with base catalysts but there are also processes with acid catalysts. The base catalysts are the hydroxides and alkoxides of alkaline and alkaline earth metals. The acid catalysts are hydrochloride, sulfuric or sulfonic acid. Some metal-based catalysts can also be exploited, such as titanium alcoholates or oxides of tin, magnesium and zinc. All these catalyst acts as homogeneous catalysts and need to be removed from the product [16, 17]. The advantages of biodiesel as fuel are transportability, heat content (80% of diesel fuel), ready availability and renewability. The... 

Biodiesel A fuel derived when glycerin is separated from vegetable oils or animal fats. The resulting byproducts are methyl esters (the chemical name for biodiesel) and glycerin which can be used in soaps and cleaning products. It has lower emissions than petroleum diesel and is currently used as an additive to that fuel since it helps with lubricity. 

Bunyakiat, K., Makmee, S., Sawangekeaw, R., Ngamprasertsith, S., Continuous production of biodiesel via transesterification from vegetable oils in supercritical methanol, Energy Fuels, 20, 812-817, 2006... 

Owing to different trends in the diesel and gasoline market, Europe tends, in fact, to support the production of biodiesel, achieved mainly from vegetable oils, which is nearly four-times greater than from ethanol (Figure 11.2). Moreover, ethanol, which... 

Biodiesel (long-chain monoalkyl fatty acid esters), a renewable and green fuel, is made from vegetable oil or animal fats. At present, the high cost of biodiesel, of which the raw material amounts to 75%, prohibits its wide application. Compared with chemical method, enzymatic process seems to be a promising alternative because of its mild reaction conditions, easy recovery of product, being free of chemical wastes and low demangding on raw materials, which makes it possible to use waste oil as substrate for enzymatic production of biodiesel. 

Much of the current interest in biodiesel production comes from vegetable oil sources such as soybean (in the USA), canola oil (in Canada) and rapeseed oil (in Europe) because the vegetable oil producers are faced with excess production capacity, product surpluses, and declining prices. 

Demirbas, A. S. Karslioglu. Biodiesel production facilities from vegetable oils and animal fats. Energy Sources, Part A 2007, 29, 133-141. 

---