Various Applications of Biopolymers

The STAT-3 is an example of signal transducer and activatore of transcription-3 in inducing the immune suppression in tumor environment. To inhibit STAT-3 progress, PLGA nanoparticles have been mostly preferred and utilized in the presence of TLR ligand to reframe in vitro function of DCs. 

Many anticancer agents combine to form a stronger anticancer immune response. We can utilize formulations that can directly kill cancer cells and activate the resistant property from cancer-causing agents, in this aforementioned process, PLGA nanoparticles combine with the lipopolysaccharide named paclitaxel (PTX], which can be used as an anticancer drug, which elucidates both in vitro and in vivo accumulation in nature. 

Biodegradable polymer plays a major role in research and development nowadays due to its wide area of applications. Mostly these polymers are utilized in the medical industry, packaging industry, agricultural fields, and automotive industry, which lead to biological degradation. Most polymers are developed as 

Most countries such as China (Chau et al., 1999) and Germany (Bastioli, 1998) are adopting these methods to avoid waste accumulation in landfills. Most of the plastic materials are utilized in the packaging industry, in which approximately 41% is used in the packaging of food products. BASF, one of the leaders in the plastic industry, is working for the development of biodegradable polyesters and starch (Fomin et al., 2001). 

Biopotymer material is used in agricultural products, and it is also suited for packaging. But Ecoflex has been used in both areas. Yotmg plants can be protected from frost by covering them with a thin Ecoflex filnx After its growth completes, the film is sent back 

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This chemical classification is of little use with respect to the various applications as biopolymers, in which most of the time interactions with solvents are involved. This is illustrated by the fact that the solubility of a given compound may change completely with the degree of substitution and/or with the molar substitution. This is for example the case of HPC and NaCMC which are commercially available as insoluble and water-soluble products. We therefore use a classification of cellulose-based biopolymers made according to their behavior in water and to their ionic character (Table 2). 

Biomaterials have been defined as materials which are compatible with living systems. In order to be biocompatible with host tissues, the surface of an implant must posses suitable chemical, physical (surface morphology) and biological properties. Over the last 30 years, various biomaterials and their applications, as well as the applications of biopolymers and their biocomposites for medical applications have been reported. These materials can be classified into natural and synthetic biopolymers. Synthetic biopolymers are cheaper and possess better mechanical properties. However, because of the low biocompatibility of synthetic biopolymers compared with that of natural biopolymers, such as polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins, attention has turned towards natural biopolymers. On the other hand, natural biopolymers usually have weak mechanical properties, and therefore much effort has been made to improve them by blending with some filler. 

There is a growing field of application of biopolymers and biodegradable polymers in various sectors [lOj. 

Thus, the increasing application of the various intrinsic properties of biopolymers, coupled with the knowledge of how such properties can be improved to achieve compatibility with thermoplastics processing, manufacturing, and end-use requirements, and has fueled technological and commercial interest in biopolymers. 

Abstract Synthetic polymers and biopolymers are extensively used within the field of tissue engineering. Some common examples of these materials include polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, collagen, elastin, and various forms of polysaccharides. In terms of application, these materials are primarily used in the construction of scaffolds that aid in the local delivery of cells and growth factors, and in many cases fulfill a mechanical role in supporting physiologic loads that would otherwise be supported by a healthy tissue. In this review we will examine the development of scaffolds derived from biopolymers and their use with various cell types in the context of tissue engineering the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc. 

It is difficult to exhaustively cover the vast, exciting, and rapidly developing field of enzymology of plant biopolymers in a short introductory review. However, the chapters that follow this introduction will deal in depth with various aspects of eiu mology of plant polymers. Potential applications and improvements are many and through dedicated research and development efforts new industrial eiu me-based processes can become a reality in the future. 

The successful application of food-grade biopolymers in the formulation of the next generation of smart delivery systems requires sound insight into the various intermolecular and colloidal interactions involved in the food matrix, along with some knowledge of the bioavailability in vivo. Furthermore, the impact of incorporated nutraceuticals on all the properties of a formulated functional food — appearance, physical/chemical stability, texture, mouthfeel, taste, flavour, bioavailability, and health impact — need to be simultaneously considered and addressed in order to achieve a balanced and acceptable solution for consumers. 

Plant oils are excellent sources of some valuable compounds such as unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, squalene, pigments, antioxidants, vitamins, waxes, glycolipids, and lipoproteins. Plant oils could be employed for technological uses as biodiesel, lubricants, surfactants, emulsifiers, biopolymers, and so on. Vegetable oils also can serve as appropriate sources for the production of valuable compounds having applications in food, pharmaceutical, medical, and environmental fields. Attention has been focused on various types of value-added fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids, conjugated fatty... 

It is clear that green polymers, as defined by their biodegradability, are almost exclusively biopolymers. The major classes of biopolymer of interest here are proteins and polysaccharides, naturally occurring biopolymers, and these are subdivided into various sub-classes, with different applications, as described above. Other polymers of interest are the bacterial polyesters and polylactides. All of these polymers have the potential to be processed into new materials, but clearly not all of these will have either attractive properties or be economically viable materials. 

Capillary electrophoresis (CE), the combination of the classical flat-bed electrophoresis with the instrumental potential of liquid chromatography, has found wide applications in the analysis of biopolymers like proteins and DNA. Separation of DNA by CE has been of paramount importance in the human genome project. It has been obvious, therefore, to study the application of CE to the analysis and characterization of synthetic polyelectrolytes. This report will summarize our recent research on the application of the various CE techniques with anionic, cationic, and ampholytic polyelectrolytes. 

The ramifications of nanotechnology in the food arena have yet to be fully realized. This requires further research into biopolymer assembly behavior and applications of nanomaterials in the food industry. Researchers should keep abreast of the development of research tools and what is being done to push resolution limits for techniques such as atomic force spectroscopy or the synchrotron coupled to various spectroscopic techniques and higher resolution microscopy. New techniques should be exploited and the knowledge gained used to understand the dynamics and interactions of food materials at the single-molecule level and to describe assembly behavior in quantitative thermodynamic terms. There are questions about the interactions of nanoparticles with the food matrix and within the human body. These questions need to be addressed by future research (Simon and Joner, 2008 Sletmoen et ah, 2008). 

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