Waste avoidance

In the United States the primary route for making calcium chloride is by the evaporation of underground brines (see Chemicals frombrines). Additional commercial material is available by the action of hydrochloric acid on limestone. Typically the hydrochloric acid is a by-product of some other commercial process and the conversion to calcium chloride is motivated by waste avoidance (see Hydrogen chloride). 

Elimination Source reduction Complete elimination of waste Avoidance, reduction or elimination of waste, generally within the confines ... 

Ideally, energy should be produced from biomass that is not edible and that cannot be grown in places where edible crops could be grown, so that competition between uses of crops for energy and food does not become an issue. Producing energy from wastes avoids this issue. 

The pharmaceutical industry produces between 25 and 100 kg or more of waste for every kilogram of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufactured.1 According to a leading practitioner of the industry, the potential waste coproduced with APIs is in the range of 500 million to 2 billion kg per year. Even at a nominal disposal cost of 1 per kg, the potential savings just in waste avoidance is significant faced to the pharmaceutical industry annual sales (almost 500 billion in 2003). 2... 

SC 87-1 Waste Avoidance and Volume Reduction SC 87-2 Waste Classification Based on Risk SC 87-3 Performance Assessment... 

Today, most manufacturers are responsible and have been ahead of the curve for many years in waste recycling, treatment, and disposal. A waste-avoidance culture is also emerging in the selection of processes to be developed for use on a manufacturing scale. The aforementioned albuterol process work at least testifies that environmental issues are being raised and, in the 7-ADCA case, that dirty processes (the use of p-nitrobenzyl protection) are being replaced by cleaner ones (trimethylsilyl protection). 

There is little doubt that microbiological approaches to chemical transformations, and not only chiral transformations, are likely to grow substantially as the waste-avoidance culture becomes more established, and the laws are fully addressed. 

Although the situation is ominous, it has encouraging aspects. Environmental remediation and waste avoidance technologies are rapidly increasing growth areas. Potentially great benefits await those who can develop economical, effective, and efficient solutions to these problems. 

Based on the old adage, "a stitch in time saves nine," waste avoidance is an area where separations can be of great benefit to the environment. The use of separation technologies to reclaim/recycle materials has become a very Important area in environment restoration, and zero discharge is quickly becoming the goal of all waste producers. As the cost of the disposal of hazardous waste increases, industry has come to recognize that recycle, once more of a public relations effort, is now an economic necessity. 

In developing new separations for environmental remediation or waste avoidance, it is Important to never disconnect the separation operation from the goals of the entire process. These are ... 

The definition of waste avoidance primarily includes measures for internal recycling and low waste production design. Wasteintensive productions are often synonymous with poor material utilization thus, the majority of hazardous wastes are generated as a result of using additives in the process (e.g., acids, solvents, etc.) and in the process design. 

The creation of value (production of raw materials) at the beginning of the chain is considered to be the most important geochemical contribution for waste avoidance. The ratio of final consumer waste to the previously developed mining industry and scraps is frequently equal or less than 1 10. The exclusive view of the service companies on the problems of waste does not show the voluminous goods and quantities of waste that should be produced for maintaining the metabolism of a service company (Moser 1996). 

Waste avoidance or reduction maximizes the material resource and reduces labor and equipment requirements as a result of less handling and disposal effort. 

Improve material handling of waste avoid makeshift handling methods. 

Another source of design aids is the "Emnronmental Considerations in Product Design and Processing" [26], which contains guidelines for design for disassembly and recyclability, design for reusability, and waste avoidance... 

In line with its environmental strategy DuPont has adopted an Integrated Resource Management (IRM) approach to its activities. This includes directives on waste avoidance, waste minimisation, reuse and recycling and the evaluation of environmental decisions and industrial activities with Life Cycle Assessment. The resulting strategy for the DuPont nylon business will be presented, with the emphasis on recycling efforts. 

Ecology - Waste avoidance - Saving of landfill space - Saving of resources - Saving fuel due to weight savings from recycled content in car parts - Additional transport emissions... 

Rubber matrices have commonly been used as a second phase to improve the toughness of brittle thermoplastic materials, such as polypropylene and polyethylene. These systems, commonly referred to as polyolefin thermoplastic elastomers (TPOs), are a special class of thermoplastic elastomers that combine the processing characteristic of plastics at elevated temperatures with the physical properties of conventional elastomers at service temperature, playing an increasingly important role in the polymer material industry. Polyolefin blends attract additional interest due to the possibility of recycling plastic wastes, avoiding the complex and expensive processes of separation of the different components. 

Hydrogen peroxide in combination with catalysts such as TS-1 acts as a good, "clean" epoxidation system. T e reactions that could be carried with this catalyst include ammoximation of cyclohexanone, epoxidation of propene and other small alkenes, and hydroxylation of aromatics and linear alkanes (Chapter 4). The system produces little waste, avoids the use of hazardous chemicals such as alkyl hydroperoxide, and reduces process complexity. However, the key parameter for industrial development is the cost of H2O2. H2O2 is produced by only a few companies, and very large capital expenditure is required, because H2O2 synthesis (by alkyl-anthraquinone route) is economical only when large quantities are produced. 

Second General Administrative Provision to the Waste Avoidance and Waste Management Act (Abfallgesetz (AbfG)), Technical Instmctions Hazardous Waste, Part I (n Hazardous Waste). 

In developing the generic IWS, due regard has also been taken of the national strategies (England and Wales) (Reference 15.9) that set out a waste management hierarchy that promotes waste avoidance, waste minimisation and recycling above disposal to landfill. 

Package dimensions can be optimized for the most economical use of the materials. Constractions can be modified and mmecessary waste avoided. Most packaging materials are pmchased by weight but the determining factor, from the economic point of view, is actually the yield, that is how many individual packages in numbers are available per kilogram of material. 

Once yield was the primary factor that determined the success of a reaction, but increasingly, concerns about sustainability, environmental impact and related legislation, as well as toxicity, are incorporated into the design of an experiment. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has defined twelve principles of Green Chemistry, which call for safer reactants and procedures, less chemical and energy waste, avoiding the use of environmentally persistent materials and unnecessary reactions, and the use of renewable feedstocks [75]. 

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