Potential instrumentation

There are some potential instrumental sources of error that could occur using this quantitation technique. It is critical to have minimal variability between each independent injection, as the quantitation is based on the comparison of the sample and standard areas. However, the current autosamplers are able to minimize this variability to less than 0.5% relative standard deviation (RSD). 

II. CONTROLLED-POTENTIAL INSTRUMENTATION BASED ON OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS... 

G. L. Booman and W. B. Holbrook, Electroanalytical Controlled-Potential Instrumentation, Anal. Chem. 35 1793 (1963). (Related publications in same issue.)... 

Once a technique has been decided, a decision then has to be taken on which of the available instruments from different suppliers is to be pmchased. Parameters that would have to be taken into consideration for this decision include cost, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, dynamic range, weather proofing, ease of calibration, materials of construction of wetted parts, power requirements, internal performance checking, running costs, and vendor support. Often the reputation of the potential instrument vendors can sway the decision on what instrument to pmchase. 

A disadvantage to the use of alkanes is their very low viscosity, which leads to potential instrumentation problems. The low backpressure generated in the system often fails to seat outlet check valves, leading to erratic flow rate characteristics and, consequently, variable retention times. Therefore, a flow restrictor may be needed in these cases to produce an artificial backpressure on the check valve. The restrictor is... 

There are a large number of potential instruments available to assess outcomes in the multiple domains in which development occurs during the first year of life. Therefore it is important to specify criteria that would allow the identification of measurement instruments that are more appropriate for use in level 2 and level 3 assessments of the potential developmental-behavioral consequences of the addition of new ingredients to infant formulas. Based on a review of the literature, the committee has identified seven criteria to rank the utility of instruments used to assess infant sensory-motor, cognitive, affectual, and neural function in level 2 and level 3 studies. The criteria are ... 

Amperometric detection Controlled-potential instrumentation Electrochemical detection Oxidation/reduction... 

Instrument detection limit, defined statistically as a measure for the potential instrument sensitivity at the 99% confidence level from the area precision (RSD%) of a series of measurements, applied in cases a S/N cannot be calculated due to the absence of a suitable noise band in modern digitally filtered MS systems. The IDL does not inform about the lowest detectable concentration LOD. 

In modeling for safety instrumented systems the basic events will typically be the failures of a sensor and/or the occurrence of an initiating event in the process operations. Figure 3.19 provides an example of an FTA model for a batch process with potential instrument and process equipment failures. 

Another potential instrument available for risk management by metal market participants (among others) is some form of commodity index. The MG Base Metal Index (MGMI), a consumption-weighted price index based on the six LME traded metals, was introduced in early 1989 but lasted only until 1S>91." It was intended to provide a hedging facility for exposure in the commodity swaps market. However, partly due to design problems, it failed... 

---